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Neuroanatomy > Orientation and the Eye > Flashcards

Orientation and the Eye Flashcards

Lecture 1 and 2

1
Q

layers of the eye

A

1) outer tunic
2) middle tunic
3) inner tunic

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2
Q

outer tunic

A
  • cornea
  • limbus
  • sclera
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3
Q

cornea

A

2/3 of refractive power of eye for distance

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4
Q

sclera

A

whites of eye, tough outer shell, region where EOMs attach to eyeball

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5
Q

middle tunic

A
  • iris
  • ciliary body
  • choroid
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6
Q

iris

A

controls how much light enters the eye

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7
Q

ciliary body

A

vascular, functions in accomodation (allowing the lens to change shape)

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8
Q

choroid

A

vascular, photoreceptors

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9
Q

inner tunic

A
  • retina
  • fovea
  • ora serrata
  • optic disc
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10
Q

retina

A

pigmented epithelium (contains photoreceptors) and neural retina

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11
Q

fovea

A

high density of cones

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12
Q

ora serrata

A

where the retina ends

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13
Q

optic disc

A

axos leave the eye here, no retina (or photoreceptors) so this is the blind spot

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14
Q

aqueous humour

A

in anterior chamber and posterior chamber

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15
Q

vitreous humour

A

in vitreous chamber

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

crystalline lens

A

1/3 of the refractive power of the eye, changes shape to accomodate and focus on objects both near and far

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18
Q

visual pathway

A

1) optic nerve
2) optic chiasma
3) optic tract
4) lateral geniculate body - synapse occurs
5) optic radiations
6) visual cortex - synapse occurs again

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19
Q

ceiling of orbit - bones

A

frontal bone and sphenoid bone (lesser wing)

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20
Q

trochlear fossa

A

on medial side of orbit on frontal bone, contains the trochlear nerve (CN IV) and the superior oblique muscle

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21
Q

lacrimal fossa

A

on lateral side of orbit on frontal bone, contains lacrimal gland

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22
Q

medial orbital wall - bones

A

ethmoid, lacrimal, maxilla, sphenoid (body)

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23
Q

nasolacrimal fossa

A

involves maxilla and lacrimal bone, contains nasolacrimal sac which is involved in tear drainage into the nose and throat

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24
Q

floor of orbit - bones

A

maxilla, zygomatic, palatine

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25
Q

infraorbital groove

A

maxilla bone, continuous with infraorbital canal and infraorbital foramen, infraorbital nerve, artery, and vein (if real)

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26
Q

lateral wall of orbit - bonesit

A

zygomatic, sphenoid (greater wing)

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27
Q

bone of the apex of orbit

A

sphenoid

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28
Q

common tendinous ring / annulus of Zinn

A

site of attachment of extraocular muscles (EOMs)

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29
Q

extraocular muscles (EOMs)

A
  • superior rectus
  • inferior rectus
  • medial rectus
  • lateral rectus
  • superior oblique
  • inferior oblique
  • levator muscle
30
Q

cranial nerves

A

I: olfactory nerve (sensory)
II: optic nerve (sensory)
III: oculomotor nerve (motor)
IV: trochlear nerve (motor)
V: trigeminal nerve (mixed)
VI: abducen’s nerve (motor)
VII: facial nerve (mixed)
VIII: vestibulocochlear nerve (sensory)
IX: glossopharyngeal nerve (mixed)
X: vagus nerve (mixed)
XI: accessory nerve (motor)
XII: hypoglossal nerve (motor)

31
Q

trigeminal nerve branches

A

V1: ophthalmic nerve
V2: maxillary nerve
V3: mandibular nerve

32
Q

V1 branches

A
  • frontal nerve
  • lacrimal nerve
  • nasociliary nerve
33
Q

frontal nerve branches

A
  • supraorbital
  • supratrochlear
34
Q

nasociliary nerve branches

A
  • long ciliary
  • anterior and posterior ethmoidal
  • infratrochlear
  • sensory root of ciliary ganglion
35
Q

V2 branches

A
  • infraorbital
  • zygomatic
36
Q

zygomatic nerve branches

A
  • zygomaticotemporal (ZT)
  • zygomaticofacial (ZF)
37
Q

major arteries of the orbit

A
  • ophthalmic
  • infraorbital artery
38
Q

major veins of the orbit

A
  • superior opthalmic vein
  • inferior opthalmic vein
39
Q

ophthalmic artery branches

A
  • central retinal artery
  • muscular branches (7 anterior ciliary)
  • posterior ciliary arteries (2 long, 15-20 short)
  • supraorbital
  • anterior and posterior ethmoidal
  • medial palpebral
  • lacrimal artery (recurrent meningeal, zygomataic artery, lateral palpebral)
  • supratrochlear artery
  • dorsal nasal artery
40
Q

infraorbital artery

A

form external carotid artery, branch of maxillary artery, runs along floor of orbit, exits infraorbital foramen

41
Q

superior opthalmic vein

A

drains into cavernous sinus, receives blood from:
- supraorbital/facial/angular veins
- superior vortex veins (2)
- lacrimal vein
- muscle branches (14 anterior ciliary)
- conjunctival veins
- inferior ophthalmic (sometimes)

42
Q

inferior opthlamic vein

A

drains into cavernous sinus, superior opthalmic vein, and ptyergoid plexus, receives blood from:
- facial/angular/supraorbital tributary (majority from facial and angular, supraorbital tends to go to SOV)
- inferior vortex veins (2)
- muscle branches (anterior ciliary)
- conjunctival veins

43
Q

contents of optic canal

A
  • optic nerve
  • ophthalmic artery
44
Q

contents of superior orbital fissure

A
  • CN III, IV, V1, VI
  • SOV
  • recurrent middle meningeal artery
45
Q

contents of inferior orbital fissure

A
  • V2
  • IOV
  • infraorbital artery and vein
46
Q

supraorbital foramen

A

frontal bone, supraorbital artery and nerve

47
Q

anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramena

A

ethmoid bone, ethmoidal nerves, arteries, and veins (1 set each)

48
Q

what exits through the orbit

A
  • suprtrochlaer nerve
  • infratrochlear nerve
  • supratrochlera artery
  • dorsal nasal artery
49
Q

carotid-cavernous fistula

A
  • internal carotid artery breaks within cavernous sinus
  • III, IV, V1, V2, and VI are in walls or pass through cavernous sinus
  • symptoms/implications: blood pressure changes, eye movement changes, visual acuity changes
50
Q

periorbita and orbital septum

A

connective tissue, periorbita fuses with dura mater of optic nerve at optic foramen

51
Q

Tenon’s capsule

A

connective tissue, fuses with sheaths of EOMs and optic nerve, provides space for eye to move within the orbital socket, loosely attached to sclera

52
Q

check ligaments (medial and lateral)

A

connective tissue, restricts eye movements to normal range, fuse with periorbita and Tenon’s capsule

53
Q

superior transverse ligament (Whitnall’s ligament)

A

attaches to connective tussue of lacrimal fossa and trochlea

54
Q

suspensory ligament (of Lockwood)

A

runs with Tenon’s capsule in some areas

55
Q

eye movement directions

A

1) elevation
2) depression
3) abduction - away from nose
4) adduction - toward nose
5) intorsion - internal rotation
6) extorsion - external rotation

56
Q

rectus muscles origin and insertion

A

origin: annulus of Zinn
insertion: sclera

57
Q

spiral of Tillaux

A

imaginary line connecting insertion points of rectus muscles
- medial rectus is closest to center of eye

58
Q

superior rectus muscle

A

nerve supply: CN III superior division
actions:
- elevation
- intorsion
- adduction

59
Q

inferior rectus muscle

A

nerve supply: CN III inferior division
actions:
- depression
- extorsion
- adduction

60
Q

medial rectus muscle

A

nerve supply: CN III inferior division
action:
- adduction

61
Q

lateral rectus muscle

A

nerve supply: CN VI
action:
- abduction

62
Q

superior oblique muscle

A

origin: near annulus of Zinn
insertion: sclera - posterior to equator
nerve supply: CN IV
actions:
- intorsion
- depression
- abduction

63
Q

inferior oblique muscle

A

origin: orbital plate of maxilla
insertion: sclera - posterior to equator
nerve supply: CN III inferior division
actions:
- extorsion
- elevation
- abduction

64
Q

blood supply to EOMS

A

lateral muscular artery supplies the LR. SR. and SO

medial muscular artery supplies the MR, IF, and IO

65
Q

anatomy of EOM

A

skeletal muscle, organised into bundles:
1) epimysium
2) perimysium
3) endomysium

66
Q

histological structure of EOM

A

multinucleated, sarcolemma, sacroplasmic reticulum and T-tubules, myofibrils

67
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

has multiple motor end plates, “en grappe” endings (unique to EOMs)

68
Q

singly innervated fibres

A

contract in all or non manner, saccades (fast eye movements)

69
Q

multiply innervated fibres

A

unique to EOMs, graded response, slow, controlled eye movements

70
Q

eye position

A
  • outflow (efferent) theory: position of eyes is known by motor commands sent to eye muscles
  • inflow (afferent) theory: position of eyes is known by sensory signals from eye muscles
71
Q

proprioception of the eye

A

EOMs do not have immature muscle spindles or golgi tendon organs, but rather have palisade endings (unique to EOMs), both motor and sensory functions

Neuroanatomy (8 decks)

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