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Neuroanatomy > Brainstem > Flashcards

Brainstem Flashcards

1
Q

brainstem

A

1) midbrain
2) pons
3) medulla

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2
Q

midbrain derives from?

A

mesencephalon

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3
Q

pons derives from?

A

metencephalon

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4
Q

medulla derives from?

A

myelencephalon

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5
Q

borders of midbrain

A

mammilary bodies (of diencephalon)

isthmus of brainstem (aka pontomesencephalic junction)

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6
Q

anatomy of midbrain

A

1) tectum
2) tegmentum
3) cerebral aqueduct
4) cerebral peduncles

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7
Q

tegmentum

A

contains grey matter which contains nuclei and white matter which contains fibre tracts

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8
Q

nuclei of midbrain

A

1) CN III nuclei
- oculomotor nuclei
- Edinger-Wespinal (EW)
2) CN IV nuclei
3) CN V nuclei
- part of mesencephalic nuclei
4) red nucleus - cerebellar circuitry
5) substantia nigra - basal ganglia (dopamine circuit)

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9
Q

tectum

A
  • pretectal area
  • corpora quadrigemini
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10
Q

pretectal area

A

junction of midbrain and diencephalon

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11
Q

corpora quadrigemini

A

2 superior colliculi (eyes) and 2 inferior colliculi (ears)

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12
Q

CN V nuclei in brainstem

A

1) mesencephali nuclei (midbrain and ponds)
2) main sensory nuclei and motor nuclei (pons)
3) spinal nuclei (pons and medulla)

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13
Q

fibres/tracts of midbrain

A

1) corticospinal tract
2) medial lemniscus
3) spinothalamic tract
- medial longitudinal fasciculus
- decussation of sup. cerebellar peduncles

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14
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

separates tectum and tegmentum

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15
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

separated by interpeduncular fossa

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16
Q

nerves emerging from midbrain

A

CN III - emerges ventrally from interpeduncular fossa

CN IV - emerges dorsally, caudal to inferior colliculi

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17
Q

borders of pons

A

isthmus of brainstem (between midbrain and pons)

pontomedullary junction (between pons and medulla)

fourth ventricle

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18
Q

anatomy of pons

A

1) tegmentum
2) basal pons
3) part of fourth ventricle
4) cerebellar peduncles

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19
Q

pontine nuclei

A

1) CN V
- part of mesencephalic nucleus
- main sensory nucleus
- motor nucleus
- part of spinal nucleus
2) CN VI
3) CN VIII
- motor nucleus
- part of sensory nucleus
4) CN VIII
5) basal pontine nuclei - specific to basal pons
6) superior olivary nucleus

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20
Q

pontine fibres

A

1) corticospinal tract
2) medial lemniscus
3) spinothalamic tract
4) pontocerebellar fibres

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21
Q

cerebellar peduncles

A

connect brainstem to cerebellum

superior cerebellar peduncles (SCP)

middle cerebellar peduncles (MCP)

inferior cerebellar peduncles (ICP)

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22
Q

nerves that emerge from the pons

A

CN V
CN VI
CN VII
CN VIII

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23
Q

boundaries of the medulla

A

pontomedullary junction (between the pons and the medulla)

foramen magnum - contines as spinal cord

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24
Q

pontomedullary junction

A

imaginary line connecting inferior aspects of middle cerebellar peduncles

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25
Q

divisions of medulla

A

1) rostral - open medulla (caudal portion of fourth ventricle is “open” dorsally)
2) obex
3) caudal - closed medulla (ventricle is enclosed by medullar tissue and continues as central canal of spinal cord)

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26
Q

anatomy of medulla

A

1) tegmentum
2) pyramids
3) olives
4) part of fourth ventricle, part of central canal
5) posterior column

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27
Q

medullary nuclei

A

1) part of CN V (sensory)
2) part of CN VII (sensory)
3) part of CN VII (sensory)
4) CN IX (motor and sensory)
5) CN X (motor and sensory)
6) CN XII (motor)
7) inferior olivary nucleus
8) posterior column nuclei

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28
Q

inferior olivary nucleus

A

in olives, lateral to pyramids

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29
Q

posterior column nuclei

A

nuclei gracilis (medial)
nuclei cutaneous (lateral)

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30
Q

medullary fibres

A

1) corticospinal tract - in pyramids
2) medial lemniscus - starts at post. column nuclei
3) spinothalamic tract

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31
Q

pyramids

A

contain corticospinal tract, decussate at spinomedullary junction

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32
Q

posterior column of medulla

A

fasciculus gracilis (medial)
fasciculus cuneatus (lateral)

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33
Q

fourth ventricle

A

diamond-shaped, brainstem forms floor (dorsal surface of pons, open portion of medulla)

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34
Q

sulcus limitans

A

little groove found in the fourth ventricle, divides motor vs sensory structures

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35
Q

nerves that emerge from medulla

A

CN IX
CN X
CN XII

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36
Q

hypoglossal trigones

A

motor area medial to sulculs limitans, XII nucleus

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37
Q

facial colliculus

A

cranial continuation of hypoglossal trigone, site of facial nerve loop, site of abducens (VI) nucleus

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38
Q

vagal trigone

A

motor area medial to sulcus limitans, doral (motor) nucleus of X

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39
Q

reticular formation

A

appears as diffuse network of nuclei and tracts throughout brainstem

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40
Q

functions of reticular formation

A

1) regulation of respiratory and circulatory systems
2) consciousness/ wakefulness/ sleep (RAS/ARAS)

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41
Q

functional organization of cranial nerves in the brainstem

A

SENSORY:
1) special sensory (Sp)
2) somatic sensory (Ss)
3) visceral sensory (Vi)

MOTOR:
1) autonomic (visceral) motor (A)
2) branchial motor (B)
3) somatic motor (Sm)

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42
Q

somatic motor

A

motor neurons controlling muscles of the body

43
Q

branchial motor

A

motor neurons controlling muscles derived from teh branchial (pharyngeal/gill) arches
- ex. larynx, pharynx, superficial face

44
Q

autonomic/visceral motor

A

preganglionic autonomic fibres, control visceral muscles

45
Q

somatic sensory

A

pain, temperature, mechanical stimuli from the body

46
Q

visceral sensory

A

sensory info from viscera, autonomic nervous system

47
Q

special sensory

A

sensory info from “special senses”
- visual, vestibular, olfactory, auditory

48
Q

CN I components

A

Sp - smell

49
Q

CN II components

A

Sp - vision

50
Q

CN III components

A

Sm - oculomotor nucleus (midbrain)

A - Edinger-Westphal nucleus (midbrain)

51
Q

CN IV components

A

Sm - trochlear nucleus (midbrain)

52
Q

CN V components

A

Ss - mesencephalic nucleus (midbrain + pons)
Ss - main sensory nucleus (pons)
Ss - spinal sensory nucleus (pons + medulla + spinal cord)
B - motor nucleus (pons)

53
Q

CN VI components

A

Sm - abducens nucleus (pons)

54
Q

CN VII components

A

Ss - spinal trigeminal nucleus (geniculate ganglion)

Vi - nucleus of solitary tract (pons + medulla)

A - superior salivatory nucleus (pons)

B - facial nucleus (pons)

55
Q

CN VIII components

A

Sp - cochlear nuclei (pons)
Sp - vesibular nuclei (pons + medulla)

56
Q

CN IX components

A

Ss - spinal trigeminal nucleus (superior ganglion of IX)

Vi - nucleus of the solitary tract (medulla)

A - inferior salivatory nucleus (medulla)

B - nucleus ambiguus (medulla)

57
Q

CN X components

A

Ss - spinal trigeminal nucleus (superior ganglion of X)

Vi - nucleus of the solitary tract (medulla)

A - dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (medulla)

B - nucleus ambiguus (medulla)

58
Q

CN XI components

A

B - acessorry spinal nucleus (spinal cord)

59
Q

CN XII components

A

Sm: hypoglossal nucleus (medulla)

60
Q

somatic motor nerves

A

III, IV, VI, XII

  • simplest of cranial nerves (only belong to one category except III)
  • nuclei adjacent to midline
61
Q

EOM motor nuclei

A

III - MR, SR, IR, IO, levator

IV - SO

VI - LR

62
Q

oculomotor nuclei

A

1) central caudal nucleus - levator (bilateral)
2) dorsal nucleus - IR (ipsilateral) and SR (contralateral)
3) intermediate nucleus - IO (ipsilateral)
4) ventral nucleus - MR (ipsilateral)

63
Q

CN III lesions

A
  • lateral strabismus
  • ptosis
    -mydriasis
64
Q

lateral strabismus

A

LR is unopposed as there is no pull from MR to keep it even, associated with diplopia (double vision)

65
Q

ptosis

A

dropping eyelids - central caudal nucleus (levator) affected

66
Q

mydriasis

A

dilated pupil - dilator muscle unopposed as EW is affected causing the sphincter muscle to not function properly (autonomic)

67
Q

CN IV lesions

A

affects down and out eye movement, diplopia when reading or descending stairs

68
Q

CN VI lesions

A

medial strabismus

69
Q

medial strabismus

A

MR is unopposed as LR does not pull to keep the eye even

70
Q

horizontal conjugate eye movements

A

involve CN III (MR), CN VI (LR), and medial longitudiinal fasciculus

internuclear neurons from abducen’s nucleus go to contralateral med. long. fasciculus which then goes to oculmotor nuclei

71
Q

hypoglossal nuclus

A

all intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles

ipsilateral projections

72
Q

CN XII lesion (unilateral)

A

tongue deviates toward weak side, atrophy

73
Q

branchial motor nerves

A

V, VII, IX, X, XI

  • innervate striated muscle of branchial arch origin
  • all but CN XI contain fibres of other components
  • each CN has one major function
74
Q

major function of CN V

A

major sensory nerve for head (Ss)

75
Q

major function of CN VII

A

nerve for facial expression (B)

76
Q

major function of CN IX

A

taste and pharyngeal sensations (Vi)

77
Q

major function of CN X

A

outflow to thoracis and abdominal viscera (A)

78
Q

major function of CN XI

A

motor nerve for sterncleidomastoid and trapezius muscle (B)

79
Q

CN XI lesion

A

certain head movements altered, shrugging of shoulders weakened

80
Q

motor nucleus of facial

A

muscles from 2nd branchial arch
- muscles of facial expression
- middle ear (stapedius muscle)

corneal reflex

81
Q

corneal reflex

A

combination of sensory by V and motor by VII

82
Q

trigeminal motor nucleus

A

muscles of 1st pharygeal arch
- muscles of mastication
- middle ear (tensory tympani muscle)

jaw-jerk reflex

83
Q

glossopharyngeal motor nucleus

A

muscles involved in speaking and swallowing

84
Q

vagus motor nucleus

A

pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles

gag reflex

85
Q

gag reflex

A

sensory by glossopharyngeal, efferent by vagus

86
Q

visceral (automic) motor nerves

A

major: X
minor: III, VII, IX

87
Q

CN X autonomic nuclei

A

ambiguus nucleus - preganglionic fibres to heart, some othre organs of thorax and neck

dorsal motor nucleus - preganglionic parasympathetic fibres of enteric nervous system, supplies thoracic and abdominal viscera

88
Q

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

A

visceral motor

projects to ipsilaterally ciliary ganglion
- sphincter mucle: contracts iris to make pupil smaller
- ciliary muscle: accomodation

89
Q

facial visceral motor

A

superior salivary nucleus: goes to salivary, nasal, palatine, and lacrimal glands

90
Q

glossopharyngeal visceral motor

A

inferior salivary nucleus: goes to otic ganglion (preganglionic) and parotid gland (post ganglionic)

91
Q

somatic sensory nuclei

A

CN V

minor contributions (sensory from outer ear):
CN VII - geniculate ganglion
CN IX - superior ganglion of IX
CN X - superior ganglion of X

92
Q

mesencephalic nucleus (V)

A

primary sensory input cell body, muscle spindles of jaw,

jaw jerk-reflex

93
Q

main sensory nucleus (V)

A

touch and jaw position - ventral trigeminothalamic tract

inside of mouth info - dorsal trigeminothalamic tract

94
Q

ventral trigeminothalamic tract

A

crossed

join medial lemniscus

terminate on VPM thalamus

95
Q

dorsal trigeminothalamic tract

A

uncrossed

to VPM (separate area than medial lemniscus goes to)

96
Q

spinal trigeminal nucleus (V)

A

crude touch, temperature, pain (head and face)

spinal trigeminal tract

97
Q

spinal trigeminal tract

A

crossed

joins sppinothalamic tract

terminates at VPL, VPM, and other nuclei

98
Q

visceral sensory nuclei

A

VII, IX, X

all involved in sensing info from taste buds and/or viscera

main nucleus is nucleus solitarious

99
Q

special senses nuclei

A

I - smell
II - vision
VIII - hearing and balance

100
Q

medial lemniscus

A

The medial lemniscus carries information about touch, vibration, and proprioception from the spinal cord to the thalamus

101
Q

lateral lemniscus

A

The lateral lemniscus carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to the inferior colliculus

102
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

a sensory tract that carries nociceptive, temperature, crude touch, and pressure from our skin to the somatosensory area of the thalamus

103
Q

corticospinal tract

A

The corticospinal tract, AKA, the pyramidal tract, is the major neuronal pathway providing voluntary motor function. This tract connects the cortex to the spinal cord to enable movement of the distal extremities

Neuroanatomy (8 decks)

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