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Neuroanatomy > Meninges and Ventricular System > Flashcards

Meninges and Ventricular System Flashcards

1
Q

meninges

A

connective tissue, envelop the brain and spinal cord, function to protect the brain and keep it from collapsing under its own weight (CSF)

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2
Q

meningeal layers

A

1) dura mater - outer layer, thick
2) arachnoid mater - delicate, subarachnoid space filled with CSF
3) pia mater - very thin layer adherent to CNS

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3
Q

dura mater

A

dense, collagenous CT

two layers:
1) periosteal layer - outer layer
2) meningeal layer - inner layer

usually no space between layers except at venous sinuses

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4
Q

dural septa

A

inner dura folds onto itself, partially separates compartments of the brain

1) falx cerebri
2) tentorium cerebelli
3) falx cerebelli
4) diaphragma sellae

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5
Q

falx cerebri

A

separate cerebral hemispheres

  • occupies longitudinal fissure
  • runs from ethmoid bone to internal occipital protuberance
  • fuses with tentorium cerebelli
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6
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

separates cerebral hemispheres from cerebellum

  • attached to falx cerebri, occipital bone, petrous temporal bone
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7
Q

blood supply of dura

A

meningeal arteries: run in the periosteal layer, supply the bones of the skull
- injury leads to epidural hematoma

meningeal veins: generally parallel arteries
- injury leads to subdural hematoma

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8
Q

blood supply to lateral surface of dura mater

A

middle meningeal artery

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9
Q

blood supply to anterior surface of dura mater

A

ophthalmic artery

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10
Q

blood supply to posterior surface of dura mater

A

branches of occipital and vertebral

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11
Q

dura mater nerves

A

trigeminal nerve - most of dura (except posterior fossa)
- near meningeal arteries pain is localized
- near venous sinus pain is referred to eyes, temple, forehead

vagus nerve - posterior fossa
- pain is referred behind the ear or back of neck

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12
Q

arachnoid mater

A

loose CT, avascular

1) outer layer that attaches to dura
2) arachnoid trabeculae

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13
Q

arachnoid trabeculae

A

attach to and merge with pia mater, keep brain suspended within meninges

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14
Q

arachnoid functions

A

1) connect pia to dura
2) act as a barrier between dura and CSF
3) bring CSF to venous system
4) bridge over irregular surfaces forming cisterns in the subarachnoid space

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15
Q

arachnoid villi

A

act as valve for CSF entering venous system - transport CSF to dural sinuses

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16
Q

subarachnoid cisterns

A

1) cisterna magna
2) superior cistern
3) chiasmatic cistern
4) pontine cistern
5) interpeduncular cistern
6) ambient cistern

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17
Q

cisterna magna

A

aka cerebellomedullary cistern, largest cistern

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18
Q

superior cistern

A

deep in transverse cerebral fissure

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19
Q

chiasmatic cistern

A

below optic chiasm

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20
Q

pontine cistern

A

ant. to pons and medulla

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21
Q

interpeduncular cistern

A

between cerebral peduncles, ant. to midbrain

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22
Q

ambient cistern

A

on lateral sides of midbrain, connects superior cistern to interpeduncular cistern

23
Q

pia mater

A

very delicate, loose CT, follows contours of brain, blood vessels within subarachnoid space are held tighly to pia by CT

24
Q

blood brain barrier (BBB)

A

keeps substances injected into the bloodstream from reaching/affecting the brain

25
Q

true BBB

A

tight junctions between endothelial cells of cerebral capillaries (blood vessel walls)

26
Q

other BBBs

A

tight junctions of other cells generalized as BBBs

choroid epithelium (blood CSF barrier; BCSFB)

arachnoid barrier

27
Q

function of true BBB

A

selective barrier
- lipid-soluble substances can diffuse across
- glucose can cross via facilitated diffusion
- active transport of other substances

keeps out microbes but also keeps out treatments for brain infections

28
Q

circumventricular organs (CVOs)

A
  • cerebral capillaries are fenestrated, free mixing of brain ECF and blood
  • found in walls of third and fourth ventricles
29
Q

tanycytes

A

specialized ependymal cells that cover the CVOs, in contact with CSF

30
Q

functions of CVOs

A

1) secrete hormones
2) sense blood-borne signals

31
Q

hormone secretion by CVOs

A
  • neuroendocrine (median eminence, post. pituitary)
  • circadian rhythm (pineal gland)
32
Q

sensing blood-borne signals - CVOs

A
  • fluid balance (subfornical organ, vascular organ of lateral terminalis)
  • toxins in blood (area postrema)
33
Q

lateral ventricle derived from?

A

telencephalon

34
Q

third ventricle derived from?

A

diencephalon

35
Q

cerebral aqueduct derived from?

A

mesencephalon

36
Q

fourth ventricle derived from?

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

37
Q

central canal derived from?

A

myelencephalon

38
Q

CSF pathway

A

1) lateral ventricles
2) formaen of Monroe
3) third ventricle
4) cerebral aqueduct
5) fourth ventricle
6) foramen of Magendie/foramena of Luschka
7) central canal or around brain
8) joins venous system (through arachnoid villi)

39
Q

lateral ventricles

A

largest, in cerebral hemispheres, C-shaped, ends at interventricular foramen

40
Q

horns of lateral ventricles

A

1) body (parietal)
2) inferior horn (temporal)
3) posterior horn (occipital)
4) anterior horn (frontal)

41
Q

third ventricle

A

midline, slit between thalami, thalamus and hypothalamus form most of walls

42
Q

recesses of third ventricle

A

1) optic recess - next to optic chiasm
2) infundibular recess - next to infundibular stalk
3) pineal recess - next to pineal gland
4) suprapineal recess - above pineal gland

43
Q

fourth ventricle

A

part of pons and medulla form floor, superior and inferior medullary velum form peaked roof
- superior: cerebellum
- inferior: choroid plexus membrane

44
Q

apertures of fourth ventricle

A

apertures communicate with subarachnoid cisterns

  • 2 lateral apertures (foramena of Luschka)
  • median aperture (foramen of Magendie)
45
Q

choroid plexus

A

site of CSF production, consists of choiroid epithelium + pia + capillary complex

46
Q

choroid epithelium

A
  • filters ions, proteins from the blood and secretes CSF into ventricle
  • tight junctions
  • continuous with ependymal cells
47
Q

ependymal cells

A

no tight junctions, thought to direct CSF flow - cilia are aligned rostral to caudal in lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

48
Q

choroid plexus locations

A
  • in the C of lateral ventricle (none in ant. or post. horns)
  • interventricular foramen
  • in roof of third ventricle
  • IMV of fourth ventricle
49
Q

plexus

A

interface between ventricles and subarachnoid space
- subarachnoid spaces are invaginated by choroid plexi

50
Q

choroid fissure

A

invagination in lateral ventricle

51
Q

transverse cerebral fissure

A

finger of subarachnoid space

52
Q

hydrocephalus

A

too much CSF, increase in CSF pressure causing ventricles to expand

remedy by using shunts

53
Q

three types of hydrocephalus

A

1) blockage of CSF circulation - tumour growth obstucts foramen/aqueduct

2) too much CSF production - tumour of choroid plexus (papillomas)

3) too little CSF reabsorption - subarachnoid bleeding clogs arachnoid villi

54
Q
A

Neuroanatomy (8 decks)

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