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Neuroanatomy > Development of the nervous system > Flashcards

Development of the nervous system Flashcards

Lecture 3

1
Q

growth

A

an increase in the number of cells and enlargement of cells

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2
Q

morphogenesis

A

development of a unique structure (differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis)

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3
Q

propagation/proliferation

A

increase in number of the same cell type

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4
Q

differentiation

A

development of a new (different) cell type

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5
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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6
Q

week 1 stages

A

1) fertilization (zygote)
2) cleavage (morula)
3) blastocyst formation (blastocyst)
- epiblast becomes embryo
- hypoblast becomes yolk sac which becomes chorion
4) implantation

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7
Q

week 3 - gastrulation

A

formation of 3 layers as some epiblast cells proliferate and migrate through the primitive streak (PS)
- endoderm
- mesoderm
- ectoderm

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8
Q

endoderm

A

PS epiblast displace the hypoblast cells

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9
Q

mesoderm

A

PS epiblast become mesenchyme (migrating cells) which become mesoblasts

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10
Q

ectoderm

A

remainder of the epiblast cells

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11
Q

totipotent cells

A

can form any cell of the body, only cells undergoing cleavage

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12
Q

pluripotent cells

A

can form any cell of the body except for the placenta

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13
Q

notochord

A

arises from movement of PS cells cranially, defines primordial axis of embryo, basis for axial skeleton development, induces the nervous system to develop

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14
Q

neurulation

A

1) notochord induces thickening of neural plate (previously ectoderm)
2) invagination of neural plate forms neural groove, which has neural folds one ach side
3) neural folds fuse together, forming the neural tube
4) neural crest cells fuse, as do surface ectoderm cells
5) neural crest cells migrate away from neural tube

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15
Q

somites

A

arise from segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm, differentiate into:
- sclerotomes: give rise to vertebreae
- myotomes: gives rise to skeletal muscle of trunk and limbs
- dermatomes: give rise to dermal skin component

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16
Q

neural tube structures

A

neural tube seals, anterior (rostral) and posterior (caudal) neuropores seal last

  • rostral = brain
  • cavity = ventricular system
  • caudal = spinal cord
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17
Q

neural crest cells

A

forms the basis of the cells of the PNS

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18
Q

primary vesicles of brain development

A

1) prosencephalon (forebrain)
2) mesencephalon (midbrain)
3) rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

19
Q

prosencephalon

A

forebrain
secondary vesicles:
- telencephalon
- diencephalon

20
Q

mesencephalon

A

midbrain
secondary vesicles:
- mesencephalon

21
Q

rhombencephalon

A

hindbrain
- metencephalon
- myelencephalon

22
Q

flexures

A

bends that change the locations of various structures

23
Q

cervical flexure

A

between rhombencephalon and spinal cord, straightens out

24
Q

cephalic flexure

A

at the future midbrain, persists as bend between cerebrum and brainstem

25
Q

pontine flexure

A

dorsal surface of brainstem, neural tube walls spread apart to form diamond-shaped cavity

26
Q

basal plate

A

formed by anterior portion of neural tube, motor neurons are found here

27
Q

alar plate

A

formed by posterior portion of neural tube, sensory neurons are found here

28
Q

telencephalon

A

brain derivatives - cerebral hemispheres
ventricle derivatives - lateral ventricles

29
Q

diencephalon

A

brain derivaties - thalamus, hypothalamus, retina
ventricle derivates - third ventricle

30
Q

mesencephalon (secondary)

A

brain derivative - midbrain
ventricle derivative - cerebral aqueduct

31
Q

metencephalon

A

brain derivative - pons
ventricle derivative - part of fourth ventricle

32
Q

myelencephalon

A

brain derivative - medulla
ventricle derivative - part of fourth ventricle

33
Q

spinal cord development - cells and layers

A

ependymal cells - line future ventricles
neuroblasts - become neurons

layers:
- ependymal layer (ependymal cells)
- mantle layer (neurblasts)
- marginal layer (processes/future white matter)

34
Q

defects in neural tube closure

A

exposed CNS from failure of nearby bone development, fatal

35
Q

defects in anterior and posterior neuropore closures

A

anterior: forebrain and posterior skull defects, usually fatal

posterior: spina bifida

36
Q

defects in brain vesicle development

A

mental deficits

37
Q

development of optic cup

A

optic pits are a section of neural folds (evagination), optic pits bulge out more and tips come closer, optic pits fuse, invagination forms optic cup

38
Q

development of the retina

A

inner portion of optic cup becomes neural retina

outer portion of optic cup becomes RPE

39
Q

choroidal fissure

A

where portions of optic cup will meet, fuses trapping hyaloid artery and vein

40
Q

what induces gastrulation?

A

primitive streak

41
Q

what induces neurulation?

42
Q

what induces optic vesicles?

A

surrounding mesochyme

43
Q

what induces lens pit?

Neuroanatomy (8 decks)

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