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Neuroanatomy > Diencephalon > Flashcards

Diencephalon Flashcards

Lecture 8

1
Q

diencephalon

A
  • most caudal portion of cerebrum
  • develops from prosencephalon
  • consists of: epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus
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2
Q

diencephalon boundaries

A

anterior - anterior commissure + lamina terminalis

posterior - posterior commissure

lateral - internal capsule

medial - third ventricle

superior - transverse cerebral fissure

inferior - subarachoid space, optic chiasm, mammillary body

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3
Q

epithalamus

A

located on/near thalamus

  • habenular nuclei
  • pineal gland
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4
Q

habenular nuclei

A

2 of them, path for basal ganglia and limbic system communication with reticular formation, connected by habenular commissure

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5
Q

pineal gland

A

circadian and circannual rhthyms

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6
Q

thalamus

A

2-egg-shaped nuclear mass with a posterior appendage, connected by interthalamic adhesion (massa intermedia)

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7
Q

hypothalamus

A

part of limbic system, controls and integrates the functions of the ANS and endocrine system

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8
Q

hypothalamus functions (HEAL)

A

Homeostasis
Endocrine
Autonomic
Limbic

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9
Q

subthalamus

A

located beneath the thalamus, basal ganglia functions

  • subthalamic nucleus
  • zona incerta
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10
Q

subthalamic nucleus

A

lens-shaped, biconvex structure, interconnected with basal ganglia

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11
Q

thalamus boundaries

A

anterior - interventricular foramen

posterior end overlaps midbrain

superior - transverse cerebral fissure

inferior - hypothalamic sulcus

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12
Q

neighbouring structures of thalamus

A

lateral aspect forms bulk of medial aspect of posterior limb of internal capsule

medial aspect forms bulk of lateral walls of third ventricle

ventral aspect - “rests” on hypothalamus

dorsal aspect - forms floor of third ventricle

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13
Q

hypothalamus boundaries

A

anterior - lamina terminalis, anterior commisure to optic chiasm

posterior - posterior commissure, mammillary body

superior - hypothalamic sulcus

medial - third ventricle

lateral - internal capsule

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14
Q

hypothalamus medial-lateral zones (from third ventricle to internal capsule)

A

1) periventricular zone -in wall of third ventricle
2) medial zone - contains series of nuclei
3) lateral zone - lateral to fornix

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15
Q

hypothalamus longitudinal divisions (from lamina terminalis to posterior commissure)

A

1) anterior region - optic chiasm, preoptic area
2) tuberal region - tuber cinereum (inferior edge), continuous with infundibulum stalk
3) posterior region - mammillary bodies

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16
Q

pituitary gland

A

consists of posterior pituitary (neurohypohysis) and anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

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17
Q

posterior pituitary

A

sections:
- posterior lobe
- infundibulum

function: secretes hormones into the bloodstream

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18
Q

infundibulum

A

connects hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

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19
Q

anterior pituitary

A

sections:
- distal, tuberal, intermediate

function: releasing and inhibiting hormones secreted in capillaries in median eminence, carried via hypophyseal portal vessle to ant. lobe where they release or inhibit other hormones

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20
Q

hypothalamic nuclei

A

1) preoptic
2) supraoptic
3) paraventricular
4) arcuate
5) anterior
6) posterior
7) ventromedial
8) lateral complex
9) suprachiasmatic
10) dorsomedial
11) mammillary body

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21
Q

preoptic nucleus (Pr)

A

region: preoptic (anterior)

zone: medial and lateral

function: thermoregulation, fluid balance
- water retention: projects to SO and PV nuclei
- thermoregulation: receives skin and organs temperature, autonomic and behavioursal change

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22
Q

supraoptic nucleus (SO)

A

region: anterior

zone: medial

function: fluid balance (posterior pituitary)
- releases either ADH (increased ADH leads to water retention) or oxytocin

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23
Q

paraventricular nucleus (PV)

A

region: anterior

zone: medial

function: fluid balance (posterior pituitary)
- releases either ADH (increased ADH leads to water retention) or oxytocin

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24
Q

arcuate nucleus (Ar)

A

region: tuberal

zone: medial

function: main control of ant. pituitary, feeding
- receptors for ghrelin (+ feeding behaviour)
- receptors for leptin (- feeding behaviour)

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25
Q

anterior nucleus (An)

A

region: anterior

zone: medial

function: thermoregulation (cools you down)
- activates heat dissipation

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26
Q

posterior nucleus (Po)

A

region: posterior

zone: medial

function: thermoregulation (keeps you warm)
- heat conservation

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27
Q

ventromedial nucleus (VM)

A

region: tuberal

zone: medial

function: appetite
- satiety

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28
Q

lateral complex nucleus (L)

A

region: anterior, tuberal, posterior

zone: lateral

function: appetite
- hunger

29
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (Sc)

A

region: anterior

zone: medial

function: mediates circadian rhythyms
- retina and melatonin (pineal gland)

30
Q

dorsomedial nucleus (DM)

A

region: tuberal

zone: medial

function: emotion (rage)

31
Q

mammillary body/nucleus (MB)

A

region: posterior

zone: medial

function: memory (limbic) and recognition

32
Q

hypothalamus connections

A
  • limbic system
  • pituitary gland
  • visceral and somatic nuclei and areas
33
Q

corticohypothalamic fibres

A

cortext to hypothalamus, from septal nuclei and other limbic cortical areas

34
Q

hypothalamocortical fibres

A

hypothalamus to cortext, to septal nuclei and widespread

35
Q

hippocampohypothalamic fibres

A

hippodampus to hypothalamus, through fornix

36
Q

hypothalamohippocampal fibres

A

hypothalamus to hippocampus, through fornix

37
Q

mammillotegmental tracts

A

mammilary body to midbrain reticular formation

38
Q

mammillothalamic tracts

A

mammillary body to anterior (A) thalamus

39
Q

amygdalohypothalamic and reciprocal fibers

A

stria terminalis, ventral amygdalofugal pathway (VAP)

40
Q

brainstem - hypothalamic and reciprocal fibres

A

from/to brainstem and spinal cord

41
Q

retinohypothalamic fibres

A

retina to hypothalamus - circadial rhythms

42
Q

hypothalamus connection to pituitary gland

A

adenohypohysis (ant.) - vascular control, neurons from arcuate nucleus

neurohypophysis (post). - neural control, neurons from supraoptic and paraventricular

43
Q

thalamic divisions

A

1) anterior
2) medial
- midline nuclei are located on medial surface
3) lateral

44
Q

internal and external medullary lamina

A

internal separates thalamic divisions
- intralaminar nuclei

external is outside thalamic divisions
- reticular nuclei

45
Q

major nucleus of anterior thalamus

A

anterior (A)

46
Q

major nucleus of medial thalamus

A

dorsomedial (DM)

47
Q

nuclei of lateral thalamus - dorsal tier

A

1) lateral dorsal (LD)
2) lateral posterior (LP)
3) pulvinar (PUL)

48
Q

nuclei of lateral thalamus - ventral tier

A

1) ventroanterior (VA)
2) ventrolateral (VL)
3) ventroposterior lateral (VPL)
4) ventroposterior medial (VPM)
5) lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
6) medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

49
Q

role of thalamic nuclei

A

regulate/process and relay info to cerebal cortex for all senses (except olfaction)

50
Q

specific vs regulatory nuclei

A

specific: one principle source
ex. optic nerve to LGN

regulatory: large array of neurons
ex. visual cortex to LGN

51
Q

categories of thalamic nuclei

A

1) relay nuclei
2) association nuclei
3) other - intralaminar and midline nuclei
4) reticular nuclei

52
Q

relay nuclei categories

A

a) motor relay nuclei - VA and VL
b) sensory relay nuclei - VPL and VPM
c) auditory relay nucleus - MGN
d) visual realy nucleus - LGN
e) limbic relay nuclei A and LD

53
Q

VA and VL

A

output: motor areas - motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex

input: superior cerebellar peduncles, basal ganglia

54
Q

VPL and VPM

A

output: somatosensory cortex, sensations to consciousness

input: medial lemniscus, spinothalamic tract, central tegmental tract (taste - only VPM)
- body: VPL (think L for legs)
- face: VPM

55
Q

MGN

A

output: auditory cortex, hearing

input: inferior colliculus, lateral lemniscus

56
Q

LGN

A

output: visual cortex, visual info

input: optic tract

57
Q

anterior nucleus (A)

A

output: cingulate gyrus, emotional tone, certain memory mechanisms

input: mammillothalamic tract

58
Q

lateral dorsal (LD)

A

output: cingulate gyrus

input: hippocampal inputs - no specific tract

59
Q

association nuclei

A

dorsalmedial nucleus (DM), pulvinar (PUL), and lateral posterior (LP)

60
Q

dorsalmedial nucleus (DM) (thalamus)

thalamus

A

output: prefrontal cortex, prefrontal functions such as forethought, decision-making based on predictions and incentives

input: prefrontal cortex, olfactory, limbic system

61
Q

pulvinar (PUL) and lateral posterior (LP)

A

integration of info from diff. areas, formation of complex behavioural responses in response to visual info (dorsal and ventral streams)

pulvinar input/output: parietial, occipital, temporal lobes

LP input/output: parietal lobe

62
Q

midline and intralaminar nuclei

A

mediate global changes to the cerebral cortex, including waking/consciousness, pain perception, and selective attention

output: multiple areas of cortex, basal ganglia, limbic structures

input: multiple areas of brain

63
Q

internal capsule boundaries

boundaries

A

boundaries:
- lateral: lentiform nucleus
- medial: head of caudate nucleus, thalamus, hypothalamus

almost all traffic to and from the cerebral cortex passes through the internal capsule

64
Q

limbs of internal capsule

A

1) anterior limb
2) genu
3) posterior limb
4) retrolenticular
5) sublenticular

65
Q

anterior limb of IC

A

between lenticular nucleus and head of caudate nucleus

info carried:
- ant. nucleus (A) to cingulate gyrus
- DM to prefrontal cortex

66
Q

genu of IC

A

junction between ant. and post. limbs

67
Q

post. limb of IC

A

between lenticular nucleus and thalamus

info carried:
- VA/VL to motor areas
- motor areas to brainstem and spinal cord
- VPL/VPM to somatosensory cortex

68
Q

retrolenticular and sublenticular limbs of IC

A

retro: posterior to lentiform nucleus, contains superior fibres of optic radiations

sub: inferior to lentiform nucleus, continuous with retrolenticular, contains auditory radiation and inferior fibres of optic radiations

info carried:
- MGN to auditory cortex
- LGN to visual cortex
- PUL/LP to parietal-occipital-temporal cortex

Neuroanatomy (8 decks)

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