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S&F 1 > Organization of the lower limbs > Flashcards

Organization of the lower limbs Flashcards

1
Q

Pelvic bone is known as the

A

Hip bone

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2
Q

The femur is known as the?

A

Thigh

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3
Q

Which bone corresponds to the radius?

A

Tibia

(on the side of the big toe; like the radius is on the side of the thumb)

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4
Q

In the feet the lumbricals go to which side of the digits?

A

Medially to the digits

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5
Q

What correspond to the patella?

A

Olecrenon process

(cannot hyperextend the leg from anatomical position because of the patella)

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6
Q

What type of rotation of the lower extermity occurs in the infant?

A

Medial rotation by 90 degrees

(opposite to upper limb)

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7
Q

The thumb correspinds topologically to what?

A

The hallux

(big toes)

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8
Q

What is normally called flexion of the thigh?

A

True extension of the thigh - remember that the quadriceps femoris corresponds topologically to the triceps brachi

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9
Q

What is normally called extension of the thigh?

A

True Flexion of the thigh - remember that the biceps femoris corresponds topologically to the biceps brachii

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10
Q

Only one anterior artery give blood supply to the whole limb. What is this considered and which artery is it?

A

This known as a imperfection

Femoral artery

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11
Q

What does the femoral artery correspond to in the upper limb?

A

Nothing.

Not even the brachial artery. One is a ventral artery (brachial) and one is a dorsal artery (femoral)

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12
Q

How many arteries do you have at the level of the leg?

A

3

Anterior Tibial artery

Fibular artery

Posterior tibial artery

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13
Q

All anterior/posterior/lateral leg muscles, and all foot muscles, are innervatedby what?

A

single POSTERIOR nerve

Sciatic nerve

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14
Q

What is the specialization of human lower limb (through evolution) ?

A

Bipedalism

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15
Q

What is the differnce between the human foot and the ape foot?

A

Human Foot

Large Heel

Ankle adapted for walking

stiff midfoot for propulsion

adducted big toes in line with other digits

Ape foot

small heel

ankle adapted for climbing

flexible midfoot (midtarsal break)

grasping big toe

Human have no opposition in the foot; Apes do

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16
Q

Whats the mid-axis of the foot?

A

2nd toe

17
Q

What is the difference in the pelvis between humans and ape?

A

More wide, basin shaped pelvis.

This is because the human brain grows so much so more space is need in the pelvis to accomadate child bearing

18
Q

What is the difference in the spines of apes compaired to humans?

A

Ape - 1 curvature (Lumbar Curvature)

Human - multiple curvatures and increased haeight of the lumbar vertebrae to support body weight.

19
Q

What is the difference in our knee compaired to apes?

A

Human knees go in medially. -> this is known as a valgus angle of the knee (head of the femur is more lateral than the distal part of the femur)

20
Q

What is the difference in our foot compared to apes?

A

Humans have non-opposible big toe

Development of the arches

21
Q

What are the adaptations for bidpedism?

A
  1. foramen magnum at base of skull
  2. S-shaped spine
  3. BOWL-shaped pelvis
  4. Femur Slant inwards to knees
  5. Arched feet
22
Q

Why go bipedal?

A

free hands for tools use

energitic efficiency

predetor detection

temperature regulation

free hands for carrying and providing food

23
Q

Alan Rule

A

Adaptation of lower extremities based on where you live. Ethiopians have bigger lower limbs because they come from a hot place and people in the north pole have smaller limbs becasue it is cold

24
Q

Why bipedalism?

A

A shift from forested land toward savannah/open grass land

(being able to see over tall grass)

25
Q

What is a common variation?

A

Occurs in <2%

found in normal human population

26
Q

What is so special about fibularis tertius?

A

Absent in apes and is perhaps related with the acquisition of the bipedal gait; the muscle emerged as a recent addition in the human foot

Absent in up to 18% of normal human population and its absence neither affected the movement of the midtarsal joints nor increased the incidence of either ankle or 5th metatarsal bone injury

27
Q

What is a polymorphism?

A

Occurs in 3-49% of the population

28
Q

Meromelia

A

Absence of part of a limb

29
Q

Amelia, ectromelia

A

Absence of one or more limbs

30
Q

Phocomelia

A

Short, ill-formed upper or lower limbs - named for their resemblance to flippers

31
Q

Hemimelia

A

Stunting distal limb segments

32
Q

Acrodolichomelia

A

Disproportionately large hands or feet

33
Q

Ectrodactyly

A

Absence of any number of fingers or toes

34
Q

Polydactylyl

A

Presence of extra digits or parts of digits

35
Q

Syndactyly

A

Fusion of digits

36
Q

Adactyly

A

Absence of all the digits of the limb

37
Q

Which transcription factor regulates the development of the lower limb (hind limb)?

A

Tbx4

Pitx1

S&F 1 (25 decks)

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