Organization of the lower limbs

Question 1

Pelvic bone is known as the

Answer 1

Hip bone

Question 2

The femur is known as the?

Answer 2

Thigh

Question 3

Which bone corresponds to the radius?

Answer 3

Tibia

(on the side of the big toe; like the radius is on the side of the thumb)

Question 4

In the feet the lumbricals go to which side of the digits?

Answer 4

Medially to the digits

Question 5

What correspond to the patella?

Answer 5

Olecrenon process

(cannot hyperextend the leg from anatomical position because of the patella)

Question 6

What type of rotation of the lower extermity occurs in the infant?

Answer 6

Medial rotation by 90 degrees

(opposite to upper limb)

Question 7

The thumb correspinds topologically to what?

Answer 7

The hallux

(big toes)

Question 8

What is normally called flexion of the thigh?

Answer 8

True extension of the thigh - remember that the quadriceps femoris corresponds topologically to the triceps brachi

Question 9

What is normally called extension of the thigh?

Answer 9

True Flexion of the thigh - remember that the biceps femoris corresponds topologically to the biceps brachii

Question 10

Only one anterior artery give blood supply to the whole limb. What is this considered and which artery is it?

Answer 10

This known as a imperfection

Femoral artery

Question 11

What does the femoral artery correspond to in the upper limb?

Answer 11

Nothing.

Not even the brachial artery. One is a ventral artery (brachial) and one is a dorsal artery (femoral)

Question 12

How many arteries do you have at the level of the leg?

Answer 12

3

Anterior Tibial artery

Fibular artery

Posterior tibial artery

Question 13

All anterior/posterior/lateral leg muscles, and all foot muscles, are innervatedby what?

Answer 13

single POSTERIOR nerve

Sciatic nerve

Question 14

What is the specialization of human lower limb (through evolution) ?

Answer 14

Bipedalism

Question 15

What is the differnce between the human foot and the ape foot?

Answer 15

Human Foot

Large Heel

Ankle adapted for walking

stiff midfoot for propulsion

adducted big toes in line with other digits

Ape foot

small heel

ankle adapted for climbing

flexible midfoot (midtarsal break)

grasping big toe

Human have no opposition in the foot; Apes do

Question 16

Whats the mid-axis of the foot?

Answer 16

2nd toe

Question 17

What is the difference in the pelvis between humans and ape?

Answer 17

More wide, basin shaped pelvis.

This is because the human brain grows so much so more space is need in the pelvis to accomadate child bearing

Question 18

What is the difference in the spines of apes compaired to humans?

Answer 18

Ape - 1 curvature (Lumbar Curvature)

Human - multiple curvatures and increased haeight of the lumbar vertebrae to support body weight.

Question 19

What is the difference in our knee compaired to apes?

Answer 19

Human knees go in medially. -> this is known as a valgus angle of the knee (head of the femur is more lateral than the distal part of the femur)

Question 20

What is the difference in our foot compared to apes?

Answer 20

Humans have non-opposible big toe

Development of the arches

Question 21

What are the adaptations for bidpedism?

Answer 21

1. foramen magnum at base of skull
2. S-shaped spine
3. BOWL-shaped pelvis
4. Femur Slant inwards to knees
5. Arched feet

Question 22

Why go bipedal?

Answer 22

free hands for tools use

energitic efficiency

predetor detection

temperature regulation

free hands for carrying and providing food

Question 23

Alan Rule

Answer 23

Adaptation of lower extremities based on where you live. Ethiopians have bigger lower limbs because they come from a hot place and people in the north pole have smaller limbs becasue it is cold

Question 24

Why bipedalism?

Answer 24

A shift from forested land toward savannah/open grass land

(being able to see over tall grass)

Question 25

What is a common variation?

Answer 25

Occurs in <2%

found in normal human population

Question 26

What is so special about fibularis tertius?

Answer 26

Absent in apes and is perhaps related with the acquisition of the bipedal gait; the muscle emerged as a recent addition in the human foot

Absent in up to 18% of normal human population and its absence neither affected the movement of the midtarsal joints nor increased the incidence of either ankle or 5th metatarsal bone injury

Question 27

What is a polymorphism?

Answer 27

Occurs in 3-49% of the population

Question 28

Meromelia

Answer 28

Absence of part of a limb

Question 29

Amelia, ectromelia

Answer 29

Absence of one or more limbs

Question 30

Phocomelia

Answer 30

Short, ill-formed upper or lower limbs - named for their resemblance to flippers

Question 31

Hemimelia

Answer 31

Stunting distal limb segments

Question 32

Acrodolichomelia

Answer 32

Disproportionately large hands or feet

Question 33

Ectrodactyly

Answer 33

Absence of any number of fingers or toes

Question 34

Polydactylyl

Answer 34

Presence of extra digits or parts of digits

Question 35

Syndactyly

Answer 35

Fusion of digits

Question 36

Adactyly

Answer 36

Absence of all the digits of the limb

Question 37

Which transcription factor regulates the development of the lower limb (hind limb)?

Answer 37

Tbx4

Pitx1