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S&F 1 > Intro to Radiology > Flashcards

Intro to Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the systemic approach?

A

History and physical examination -> ancillary test -> differential diagnosis -> final interpretation

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2
Q

This is an imaginary plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections?

A

Axial plane (transverse)

Shows you left from right; anterior from posterior

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3
Q

This is an imaginary plane that divides the body into right and left sections

A

Sagital plane (lateral)

Shows you anterior from posterior; superior from inferior

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4
Q

This is an imaginary plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?

A

Coronal plane

Shows you Right, left, superior and inferior

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5
Q

What are the terms used for conventional radiographs (or plane films)?

A

White structure have Increased density (radiopaque)

Black structures have decreased density (radiolucent)

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6
Q

What are the terms used for computed tomography (CT)?

A

White structures Increased attenuation; hyperdense

Black structures Decreased attenuation; hypodense

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7
Q

What are the terms used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

A

White Structure Increased signal intensity

Black structures Decreased signal intensity

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8
Q

What are the terms used for ultrasound (US)?

A

White structure hyperechoic

Black structure anechoic

Gray structure hypoechoic

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9
Q

What are the terms used for nuclear medicine?

A

White structure Increased tracer uptake

Black structure Decreased tracer uptake; photopenic

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10
Q

What are characteristics of x-rays?

A

form of electromagnetic radiation (EM) They create an image (rays completely penetrate) 2-D

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11
Q

How do you read an x ray in regards to color?

A

Air - black

Fat - blackish/gray
Soft tissue/fluid - gray

Bone/calcium - white/greyish (more white)

Metal (black, white, and shades of gray)

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of a CT?

A
  • images are in slices Uses x-rays to obtain cross-sectional images 5 densities in exquisite detail Use oral and IV contrast Infection, neoplasm, hemorrhage, free air, etc. Limitations: radiation exposure, risk from IV contrast, expensive
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13
Q

How do you read a CT in regards to color?

A

Air- black

Fat- dark gray

Water/fluid- gray

Soft tissue- lighter gray

Bone- white

Metal- white/bright

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14
Q

What are characteristics of an US?

A

Uses ultra high-frequency sound waves to produce cross-sectional images in real- time

External and internal probes

1st line for peds and pregnant patient

Absces (free fluid in abdomen), fatty masses, peristaltic activity, vascularity/flow, etc.

Limitations: air/gas, bone, obesity and operator dependent.

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15
Q

How do you read an US in regards to color?

A

Water/fluid- black (This is very different from the other test because ultrasonic waves penetrate poorly through air and bone)

Soft tissues- shades gray

Fat- white

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16
Q

Which type of test can you use doppler flow with?

A

Ultrasound

17
Q

What are characteristics of an MRI?

A

Uses a powerful magnetic field with radio frequency pulses to produce cross-sectional images

Magnetic properties of the “ hydrogen atom”

Excellent soft tissue contrast without ionizing radiation

Uses IV contrast

Neoplasm, infection, bleeds, etc.

18
Q

What are the limitations of MRI?

A

calcifications; claustrophobia; internal metal objects (pacemaker, bullet, etc)

19
Q

T1 and T2 refer to which type of test?

A

MRI

20
Q

What is the difference between T1 and T2?

A

Water is dark on T1 and White on T2 Think WW2: Water is White on T2

21
Q

What are characteristics of Nuclear medicine?

A

Uses gamma radiation to form images following the injection of various radiopharmaceuticals

Anatomical and functional information

PET (Positron Emission Tomography) and PET/CT fusion have revolutionized oncological imaging

22
Q

What are limitations to Nuclear Medicine?

A

can be nonspecific; ionizing radiation

23
Q

What are examples of special studies?

A

Fluoroscopy Image guided procedures

Mammography

DXA scan (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry)

24
Q

What is a fluoroscopy?

A

Viewing internal anatomy in “real-time” utilizing x-rays and “contrast”

25
Q

What are different structures that are visually using fluoroscopy?

A

-esophagram -upper GI series -barium enema -myelogram -hysterosalpingogram -angiography

26
Q

What is a mammography?

A

Special type of x-ray imaging to detail breast tissue Breast US, breast MRI, PET Screening vs. diagnostic mammogram Takes a cranial-caudal view and a mediolateral-oblique view

27
Q

What is a DXA scan?

A

Utilizes low dose x-rays to measure bone mineral density. -To diagnose and follow osteoporosis -Calculate “T-score”* Normal bone: T-score greater than -1 Osteopenia: T-score between -1 and -2.5 Osteoporosis: T-score less than -2.5

28
Q

What is PACS?

A

Picture Archiving and Communication System (stores digital images and allows viewing of images on a screen)

S&F 1 (25 decks)

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