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S&F 1 > Dermatology > Flashcards

Dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

What is “Skin of Color”

A

Pigmented Skin

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2
Q

What are the racial/ethnic groups that are considered to have “Skin of Color”?

A

People of African Diaspora
American Indians/Alaskan Natives
Asians and Pacific Islanders
Hispanics and Latinos

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3
Q

Why study skin of color?

A

1) the mid 21st century, people with skin of color will constitute the majority of the population of the U.S. (No racial or ethnic majority group)
2) increased recognition of health disparities in cutaneous diseases in patients from different racial/ethnic groups
3) Improve understanding of the fundamental differences in the structure and function of skin of color
4) Create novel and/or improved therapies that take skin pigmentation and cultural preferences into account
5) Include this topic in dermatology educational curricula

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4
Q

Studying skin of color allows us to see differences in what?

A
  • Phenotypic expression
  • Clinical course/response to treatment
  • Outcomes
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5
Q

Why do differences in Phenotypic expression, Clinical course/response to treatment,
Outcomes exist?

A
  • Biological factors
  • Socioeconomic factors
  • Behavioral factors
  • Likely a combination of factors
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6
Q

What is all the same in all races?

A

The structure and function of skin

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7
Q

What are differences in skin between races?

A
  1. Pigmentation
  2. Hair structure
  3. Skin aging
  4. Fibrosis
  5. Differences in predisposition to specific dermatologic diseases
  6. Differences in clinical presentation
  7. The contribution of environment and cultural practices
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8
Q

What is the one feature that is unique to skin of color?

A

PIGMENTATION

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9
Q

T/F

The number of melanocytes is different in different races / skin pigmentation

A

False

The number of melanocytes is generally constant regardless of race / skin pigmentation

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10
Q

Racial differences in constitutive skin color are due to?

A

The amount and distribution of melanin in the skin

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11
Q

What regulates the amount and distribution of melanin in the skin?

A

Melanosome Number, size, composition, and distribution/aggregation

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12
Q

What does melanin do?

A

absorbs UV radiation and provides photoprotection

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13
Q

What is the natural SPF for dark skin individuals?

A

SPF 13

accomplished by melanin

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14
Q

What are the two types of melanin?

A

Eumelanin

Pheomelanin

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15
Q

What is Eumelanin?

A

brown/black pigmentation

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16
Q

Where is Eumelanin found?

A
  • Found in all skin types but more abundant in people with dark skin
  • Found in grey, black, blonde, and brown hair (except red hair)
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17
Q

What is Pheomelanin?

A

Red/yellow pigmentation

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18
Q

Where is Pheomelanin found?

A
  • Found in light and dark skin but most abundant in people with red hair
  • Particularly concentrated in the lips, nipples, glans penis, and vagina
  • Women > men
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19
Q

What is particularly different about Pheomelanin that is not a concern of eumelanin?

A

Pheomelanin produces oxygen radicals (carcinogenic) when exposed to UV radiation

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20
Q

What is an epidermal melanin unit?

A

The association of a melanocyte with approximately 30-40 surrounding keratinocytes to which it transfers melanosomes.

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21
Q

Where does all the action happen between the melanocytes and the keratinocytes.

A

Basal Layer

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22
Q

What are melanosomes?

A

Organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized

  • Matrix proteins (scaffolding)
  • Biosynthetic enzymes (Tyrosinase)
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23
Q

What are the 4 stages to melanosome development?

A
  1. Spherical, no melanin deposition
  2. Oval, obvious metric in the form of parallel longitudinal filaments; minimal deposition of melanin; high tyrosinase activity
  3. Oval; moderate deposition of melanin; high tyrosinase activity
  4. Oval; heavy deposition of melanin; electro-opaque; Oval; minimum tyrosinase activity
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24
Q

How do Melanosomes migrate?

A

Migrate via microtubules into the dendrites in preparation of transfer into the neighboring keratinocytes

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25
Q

How are melanosomes distributed in darker skin individuals?

A

single melanosomes in lysosomes of keratinocytes, higher volume. Take longer to degrade (enzyme that degrades melanosomes act slower.

26
Q

How are melanosomes distributed in darker skin individuals?

A

cluster of 2-10 melanosomes in lysosomes of keratinocytes and they tend to degrade quickly

27
Q

What is the stage, size, and number of melanosomes in lightly pigmented skin

A
  • Stage II, III
  • 0.3-0.5 micrometer
  • <20/cell
28
Q

What is the stage, size, and number of melanosomes in darkly pigmented skin

A
  • Stage IV
  • 0.5-0.8 micrometer
  • > 200/cell
29
Q

Compare White, Asian, and Black skin melanin concentration before and 7 days after radiation exposure.

A

White
Before: very, very little melanin (2.79)
After: increase but still a little melanin (3.46)
(kind of remains in a single/lower layer)

Asian
Before: Some Melanin (4.5)
After: Small increase in melanin (4.78)

Black
Before: A lot of melanin (20.52)
After: Even more (26.18)
(have more spread into other layers)

30
Q

Up to 5x as much ______ reaches the upper dermis of white skin compared to black skin.

A

UV

31
Q

What is UV-induced apoptosis?

A

A mechanism in which potentially precancerous cells are removed. This occurs significantly more in Black skin.

32
Q

Darker Skin has larger, more numerous, singly-distributed melanosomes that are what?

A

That contain more melanin, are distributed throughout epidermis (including upper layers), and degrade more slowly.

33
Q

Darker skin is more efficient at what?

A

UV Filtering

  • More effective at preventing UV-induced DNA damage in the lower epidermis (including keratinocyte stem cells and melanocytes)
  • Decreases vitamin D production in the skin
34
Q

Why does darker skin have a decreased risk in cancer?

A

UV damaged cells are removed more efficiently in darker skin

35
Q

What is the Fitzpatrick skin type chart?

A

Originally 4 skin types and 2 more were added. It was used to determine race in the past but in reality can not tell you race or ethnicity.

36
Q

Fitzpatrick skin type I

A

White
Always burns
nerver tan

37
Q

Fitzpatrick skin type II

A

Beige
Usually Burns
tans with difficulty

38
Q

Fitzpatrick skin type III

A

Light brown
Sometimes burns
slow tanning

39
Q

Fitzpatrick skin type IV

A

Medium brown
rarely burns
fast tanning

40
Q

Fitzpatrick skin typeV

A

dark brown
rarely burns
fast and easy tanning

41
Q

Fitzpatrick skin type VI

A

black
almost never burns
fast and dark tanning

42
Q

What is post inflammatory hyper pigmentation?

A

melanocytes dies and release melanosome and deposit into dermis

  • Molecular pathogenesis still unclear
  • Common after even minor inflammatory insults in skin of color
  • Can be long-lasting and may be more troubling to patients than the original dermatosis
43
Q

Slide 21

A

Slide 21

44
Q

What is Photodermatosis?

A

rashes caused by sun exposure

  • Different subtypes and clinical presentation in skin of color
  • Related to reactive oxygen species generated from UV irradiation of large amounts of melanin
45
Q

What is the Most common photodermatosis amongst individuals with skin of color and caucasian skin?

A

Polymorphous Light Eruption (PMLE)

In Skin of Color: Papular (pin-point) and Iichenoid variants are more common

46
Q

What is the second most common photodermatosis in skin of color?

A

Chronic Actinic Dermatitis (Chronic, recalcitrant) - Prurigo-like and Lichenoid variants are common

Whites have better prognosis

47
Q

Actinic Prutigo is more common in who?

A
  • Latin American mestizos
  • North American
  • Indians/Alaskan natives
  • Ethnic Chinese
  • HLA-A24 and HLA-CW4

(uncommon in caucasians)

48
Q

Solar Urticaria is more common in who?

A

Caucasians (uncommon in skin of color)

49
Q

Actinic Lichen Planus is more common in who?

A

Middle East, and India

uncommon in West Africa, rare in caucasians

50
Q

HIV Photosensitivity is more common in who?

A

Lichenoid; erythroderma

51
Q

What is the difference between skin of color and caucasian when it comes to drug-induced photosensitivity?

A

Skin of color- Photoallergic rxn more common

Caucasian - Phototoxic rxn more common

52
Q

What is Pigmentary Disorders?

A

Bod deposits extra pigment

Erythema dyschromicum perstans, lichen planus pigmentosus, melasma

53
Q

Melasma

A

More common on cheeks and temples. Also more common in women. Related to hormone and sun exposure.

54
Q

Erythema dyschromicum perstans (Ashy Dermatosis) mainly occurs in which population?

A

South and central America.

55
Q

These to conditions are related but occur in different populations

A

Ashy dermatosis and Lichen Planus Pigmentosus

56
Q

Lichen Planus Pigmentosus mainly occurs in which population?

A

African decent or south east Asia decent

57
Q

How does pigment affect cutaneous diseases?

A

Pigment often changes the phenotypic appearance of cutaneous diseases

58
Q

How is psoriasis presented in caucasians versus skin of color?

A

Caucasians - Pink plaques w/ silver scales

In skin of color you do not see the red, just the silver

59
Q

How is Lichen Planus presented in caucasians versus skin of color?

A

Caucasians - small, pink/purple itchy spots (classic location on wrist)

Skin of color- spots are darker and just appear different

60
Q

How is Atopic dermatitis (Eczema) presented in caucasians versus skin of color?

A

Acute flare is red and itchy in caucasian. If the person is no longer red or itchy it is considered chronic but in skin of color it does not appear red. So skin of color patients are misdiagnosed and assumed to be in the chronic stage due to lack of redness. Ask the patient if they are itchy, if yes then it is an acute flare

61
Q

What are the Cutaneous Diseases with increased prevalence or worse prognosis in patients with pigmented skin?

A
  • Acne keloidalis nuchae (common in black men)
  • Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia (more common in black women)
  • Cutaneous and systemic lupus
  • Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
  • Hidradenitis suppurativa
  • Keloids
  • Some photo-exacerbated disorders
  • Vitiligo (more impactful in skin of color)
  • Pseudofolliculitis barbae
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Scleroderma
  • Traction alopecia
62
Q

Fundamental difference in skin pigmentation contributes to what?

A
  • Lower susceptibility to deleterious effects of UV radiation
  • Increased susceptibility to vitamin D deficiency
  • Increased susceptibility to disorders of pigmentation
  • Race/ethnicity identity and value

S&F 1 (25 decks)

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