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z - CHM040 - Biomolecules > Organization and Structure of Cells > Flashcards

Organization and Structure of Cells Flashcards

1
Q
  • most abundant organisms on earth
  • bacteria or green algae
A

prokaryotes

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2
Q

a prokaryotic cell does not contain a ___ __

A

membrane-bound nucleus

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3
Q

Shapes of bacteria

A
  • cocci (spheroidal)
  • bacilli (rod like)
  • spirilla (helically coiled)
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4
Q

Two groups of bacteria

A
  • eubacteria
  • archaebacteria
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5
Q

cocci

A

spheroidal

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6
Q

bacilli

A

rod-like

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7
Q

spirilla

A

helically coiled

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8
Q
  • relatively simple, single-celled (unicellular organisms)
  • prokaryotes
  • generally appear in one of several shapes
  • some are star shaped, or square
A

bacteria (s: bacterium)

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9
Q

individual bacteria may form __, __, __ or other __
- such formations are usually characteristic of a particular genus or species of bacteria

A
  • pairs
  • chains
  • clusters
  • other groupings
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10
Q

bacteria are enclosed in cell walls that are largely composed of a carbohydrate and protein complex called __

A

peptidoglycan

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11
Q

bacteria are classified according to their cell wall as __ or __

A
  • Gram-positive
  • Gram-negative
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12
Q

In Gram-positive bacteria, the peptidoglycan forms a __ (__) layer external to the cell membrane and may contain other macromolecules

A

thick (20-80 nm)

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13
Q

In Gram-negative bacteria, the peptidoglycan layer is __ (__) and is overlaid by an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides and lipoprotein

A

thin (5-10nm)

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14
Q

Gram-negative bacteria are overlaid by an __ of __ and __

A
  • outer membrane
  • lipopolysaccharide
  • lipoprotein
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15
Q

peptidoglycan (__ and __) cell wall protects the bacteria from __ and __ __

A
  • protein and oligosaccharide
  • mechanical and osmotic pressure
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16
Q

What is between the outer membrane and the cell wall in Gram-negative bacteria?

A

periplasm

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17
Q

what occupies the periplasm

A

proteins secreted by the cell

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18
Q

consists of a lipid bilayer containing embedded proteins that control the passage of molecules in and out of the cell and catalyzes a variety of reactions

A

plasma membrane

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19
Q

infoldings of the plasma membrane in bacteria

A

mesosomes

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20
Q

the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is condensed within the __ to form the __

A
  • cytosol
  • nucleoid
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21
Q

some prokaryotes have tail-like __

A

flagella

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22
Q

how do bacteria generally reproduce

A

binary fission

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23
Q

what do bacteria use for nutrition

A

organic chemicals

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24
Q

gram-negative bacteria

A
  • outer membrane
  • peptidoglycan layer
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25
Q

gram-positive bacteria

A
  • no outer membrane
  • thicker peptidoglycan layer
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26
Q

cyanobacteria

A
  • gram-negative
  • tougher peptidoglycan layer
  • extensive internal membrane system with photosynthetic pigments
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27
Q

archaebacteria

A
  • no outer membrane
  • no peptidoglycan layer outside plasma membrane
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28
Q
  • surface-associated adhesion amphiphile from Gram-positive bacteria and regulator of autolytic wall enzymes (muramidases)
  • important cell wall polymer found in gram-positive bacteria
A

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA)

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29
Q
  • consists of prokaryotic cells
  • walls lack peptidoglycan
  • often found in extreme environments and divided into three main groups
  • not known to cause disease in humans
A

Archaea

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30
Q

Three main groups of archaea

A
  1. methanogens
  2. extreme halophiles
  3. extreme thermophiles
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31
Q

produce methane as waste product form respiration

A

methanogens

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32
Q

live in extremely salty environments such as the Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea

A

extreme halophiles

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33
Q

examples of environments extreme halophiles live in

A
  • Great Salt Lake
  • Dead Sea
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34
Q

live in hot sulfurous water, such as hot springs at Yellowstone National Park

A

extreme thermophiles

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35
Q

example of an environment extreme thermophiles live in

A

hot springs at Yellowstone National Park

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36
Q

Thermophiles also color __ __ shown at Firehole Spring

A

hydrothermal features

37
Q

have a membrane-bound nucleus and a number of other membrane-bound subcellular (internal) organelles, each of which has a specific function

A

eukaryotes

38
Q

surrounds the cell, separating it from the external environment

A

plasma membrane

39
Q

plasma membrane is a __ __ __ due to the presence of specific transport proteins

A

selectively permeable barrier

40
Q

plasma membrane is involved in receiving information when __ bind to the receptor proteins on its surface, and in the processes of __ and __

A
  • ligands
  • exocytosis
  • endocytosis
41
Q

stores the cell’s genetic information as DNA in chromosomes

A

nucleus

42
Q

site of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) synthesis

A

nucleolus

43
Q

the nucleolus is the site of __ synthesis

A

ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA)

44
Q

large, dynamic structure that serves many roles in the cell including calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.

A

endoplasmic reticulum

45
Q

Two distinct part of the endoplasmic reticulum

A
  1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
  2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
46
Q
  • studded with ribosomes
  • site of membrane and secretory protein biosynthesis and their post-transcriptional modification
A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

47
Q
  • involved in phospholipid biosynthesis
  • detoxifies toxic compounds
A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

48
Q
  • system of flattened membrane-bound sacs
  • sorting and packaging center of the cell
A

Golgi apparatus

49
Q

Golgi apparatus receive membrane vesicles from the __, further modifies the protein within them, and then packages the modified proteins in other vesicles which eventually fuse with the plasma membrane or other subcellular organelles

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

50
Q
  • have an inner and outer membrane separated by the intermembrane space
  • generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions
  • chemical energy produced is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
A

mitochondria

51
Q

In mitochondria, the __ __ is more permeable than the inner membrane due to the presence of porin proteins

A

outer membrane

52
Q

why is the outer membrane of mitochondria more permeable

A

presence of porin proteins

53
Q
  • folded to form cristae
  • site of oxidative phosphorylation
  • produces ATP
A

inner membrane

54
Q

folds of the mitochondrial inner membrane

A

cristae

55
Q

the mitochondrial inner membrane is the site of __ __

A

oxidative phosphorylation

56
Q

site of fatty acid degradation and citric acid cycle

A

central matrix

57
Q

central matrix of mitochondria is the site of __ __ __ and __ __ __

A
  • fatty acid degradation
  • citric acid cycle
58
Q
  • bounded by a single membrane
  • degrades macromolecules
A

lysosomes

59
Q

internal pH of lysosomes

A

pH 4-5

60
Q

enzymes within lysosomes that are involved in the degradation of macromolecules, including those internalized by endocytosis

A

acid hydrolases

61
Q

soluble part of the cytoplasm where a large number of metabolic reactions take place

A

cytosol

62
Q

within the cytosol is the __, a network of fibers that maintain the shape of the cell

A

cytoskeleton

63
Q

network of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton

A
  • microtubules
  • intermediate filaments
  • microfilaments
64
Q
  • contain enzymes involved in the break down of amino acids and fatty acids
  • has a by-produce to hydrogen peroxide
A

peroxisomes

65
Q

by-product of peroxisomes

A

hydrogen peroxide

66
Q

what degrades the hydrogen peroxide in peroxisomes

A

enzyme catalase

67
Q
  • made up of polysaccharide cellulose
  • rigid, external layer that is specifically designed to provide structural support and rigidity
A

plant cell wall

68
Q

in woody plants, the phenolic polymer called __ gives the cell wall additional strength and rigidity

A

lignin

69
Q
  • surrounded by a double membrane
  • have an internal membrane system of thylakoid vesicles that are stacked up to form grana
A

chloroplast

70
Q

contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis

A

thylakoid vesicles

71
Q

stacked up thylakoid vesicles

A

grana

72
Q
  • where carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation takes place
  • soluble matter around thylakoid vesicles
A

stroma

73
Q
  • used to store nutrients and waste products
  • has an acidic pH
  • creates turgor pressure inside the cell as it pushes out against the cell wall
A

plant cell vacuole

74
Q

pressure that is exerted by the fluid (e.g. water) against the cell wall

A

turgor pressure

75
Q

Prokaryotes:
DNA

A

in nucleoid region

76
Q

Eukaryotes:
DNA

A

within membrane-bund nucleus

77
Q

Prokaryotes:
Size

A

usually smaller

78
Q

Eukaryotes:
Size

A

usually larger

79
Q

Prokaryotes:
organization

A

usually single-celled

80
Q

Eukaryotes:
organization

A

often multicellular

81
Q

Prokaryotes:
metabolism

A

may not need oxygen

82
Q

Eukaryotes:
metabolism

A

usually needs oxygen

83
Q

Prokaryotes:
organelles

A

not membrane-bound

84
Q

Eukaryotes:
organelles

A

membrane-bound

85
Q

Within eukaryotic cells are __ and __ cells

A
  • plant
  • animal
86
Q

structural similarities of plant and animal cells

A
  • plasma membrane
  • genetic mechanisms
  • most organelles
87
Q

structural differences of plant and animal cells

A

plants
- have chloroplasts, a large central vacuole and cell wall
- do not have centrioles
- have plasmodesmata

animal
- have gap junctions

88
Q
  • gated plant cell wall channels that allow the trafficking of molecules between cells
  • play important roles during plant development and in the orchestration of cellular and systemic signaling responses during interactions of plants with the biotic and abiotic environment
A

Plasmodesmata (PD)

89
Q

physiological differences of plant and animal cells

A
  • plants: photosynthesis
  • plants: cell plate during mitosis
  • plants: starch, animal: glycogen
  • plants: large central vacuole stores more water and carbohydrates

z - CHM040 - Biomolecules (15 decks)

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