Chapter 5: Nucleic Acids (Translation) Flashcards

1
Q
  • process of protein synthesis
  • involves translating genetic information from sequence of nucleotides to amino acids in the primary structure of protein
A

translation

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2
Q

carries out translation

A

ribosomes

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3
Q

each ribosome is made up of

A
  • small subunit
  • large subunit
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4
Q

in eukaryotic cells, the small ribosomal subunit contains

A
  • 1 rRNA
  • 33 different ribosomal proteins
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5
Q

in eukaryotic cells, the large ribosomal subunit contains

A
  • 3 rRNA
  • 49 different ribosomal proteins
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6
Q

large ribosomal subunit + small ribosomal subunit

A

functional ribosome

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7
Q

molecule that decodes the information in the mRNA molecule into the primary structure of a protein

A

transfer RNA

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8
Q

Two function the tRNA must faithfully perform

A
  1. must covalently bind one, and only one, specific amino acid
  2. must recognize appropriate codon on the mRNA that calls for that amino acid
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9
Q

three-nucleotide or triplet sequence found on mRNA that codes for a certain amino acid during translation

A

codon

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10
Q

three-nucleotide sequence found on tRNA that binds to the corresponding mRNA sequence

A

anticodon

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11
Q

cloverleaf shape of tRNA

A

three hairpin loops and one open end are present

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12
Q

a tRNA molecule with antidocod 5’ AAG 3’ will interact with which of the following mRNA

A

3’ UUC 5’

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13
Q

during which a complementary copy of DNA, called mRNA, is created by RNA polymerase

A

transcription

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14
Q

during which a tRNA synthetase attaches the correct amino acid to the acceptor stem of the tRNA

A

tRNA activation

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15
Q

protein synthesis starts with what

A

start codon

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16
Q

first step of translation

A

initiation tRNA carrying amino acid Met binds at P site

17
Q

second step of translation

A

tRNA with AA 2 binds at A site

18
Q

third step of translation

A

peptide bond forms between AA 1 and 2 as AA 1 moves from P to A site

19
Q

fourth step of translation

A
  • first tRNA released
  • ribosome moves one codon to right translocating dipeptide to P site
  • tRNA with AA 3 occupies A site
20
Q

process that advances the mRNA–tRNA moiety on the ribosome, to allow the next codon to move into the decoding center

A

translocation

21
Q

fifth step of translation

A

elongation continues as dipeptide at P site bonds to A site

22
Q

eventually the ribosome encounters a stop codon

A

termination

23
Q

the initial amino acid methionine is often __ from the beginning of the chain

24
Q

gives the protein the final form it needs to be fully functional

A

post-translation processing

25
Some aspects of post-translation processing
1. Methionine is removed by hydrolysis. Second hydrolysis releases polypeptide 2. covalent modification such as disulfide bridges 3. completion of folding of polypeptides
26
cluster of ribosomes held together by a strand of messenger RNA that each ribosome is translating
polysome or polyribosome