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z - CHM040 - Biomolecules > Chapter 5: Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

Types of nucleic acids

A
  1. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
  2. ribonucleic acid (RNA)
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2
Q

where is DNA found

A

nearly all is found within nucleus

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3
Q

primary function of DNA

A

storage and transfer of genetic information

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4
Q

how is DNA passed

A

from exisiting cells to new cells during cell division

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5
Q

where is RNA found

A

all parts of cell

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6
Q

function of RNA

A

synthesis of protein

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7
Q

Components of nucleic acids

A
  1. five-carbon (pentose) sugar
  2. phosphate
  3. four heterocyclic amine (nitrogenous base)
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8
Q

connection of base, phosphate, sugar

A

phosphate - sugar - base (naka L)

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9
Q

sugars

A
  • 2’-deoxyribose
  • ribose
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10
Q

two types of nitrogenous bases

A
  1. purines
  2. pyrimidines
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11
Q

purines

A
  • adenine
  • guanine
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12
Q

pyrimidines

A
  • thymine (DNA)
  • uracil (RNA)
  • cytosine
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13
Q

unbranched polymer contiaining monomer units called nucleotides

A

nucleic acids

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14
Q

three-subunit molecule in which a pentose sugar is bonded to both a phosphate group and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic base

A

nucleotide

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15
Q

combination of sugar, with a purine or pyrimidine base

A

nucleosides

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16
Q

difference between ribose and deoxyribose

A
  • ribose - OH in Carbon 2
  • deoxyribose - H in Carbon 2
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17
Q

where is phosphate derived from

A

phosphoric acid

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18
Q

how did the phosphoric acid turn into phosphate

A
  • loses two of Hydrogen atoms
  • give a hydrogen phosphate
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19
Q

suffix for purines

A
  • osine
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20
Q

suffix for pyrimidines

A
  • idine
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21
Q

dAMP

A

Deoxyadenosine monophosphate

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22
Q

dADP

A

Deoxyadenosine diphosphate

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23
Q

dATP

A

Deoxyadenosine triphosphate

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24
Q

AMP

A

Adenosine monophosphate

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25
Q

ADP

A

Adenosine diphosphate

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26
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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27
Q

any given nucleotide in a nucleic acid contains

A
  • one pentose
  • one heterocyclic base
  • one phosphate group
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28
Q

how many different sugars and how many different heterocyclic bases are available, respecively, for incorporation into a nucleotide

A

2 and 5

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29
Q

how many different heterocyclic bases that are purine derivative are available for incorporation into a nucleotide

A

2

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30
Q

nucleoside

A

sugar + base

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31
Q

nucleotide

A

nuceloside + phosphate

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32
Q

the nitrogenous base is always attached to __ of the sugar which is always in ____

A
  • Carbon 1
  • beta-configuration
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33
Q

where do purine bases attach

A

N9 to C1

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34
Q

where do pyrimidine bases attach

A

N1 to C1

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35
Q

bond connecting sugar and base

A

beta-N-glycosidic linkage

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36
Q

what is formed as sugar and nitrogenous base bond together

A

water

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37
Q

reaction between sugar and nitrogenous base

A

condensation reaction

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38
Q

are named as derivatives of the base that they contain

A

nucleosides

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39
Q

nucleoside with pyrimidine bases

A
  • cytidine
  • thymidine
  • uridine
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40
Q

nucleoside with purine bases

A
  • adenosine
  • guanosine
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41
Q

bond connecting phosphate to sugar

A

phosphoester linkage

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42
Q

where is the phosphate group connected to sugar

A

carbon 5 of sugar

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43
Q

how many are produced in combining sugar, base, and phosphate into a nucleotide

A

2 molecules of water

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44
Q

nucleoside for adenine in DNA

A

deoxyadenosine

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45
Q

nucleoside for guanine in DNA

A

deoxyguanosine

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46
Q

nucleoside for cytosine in DNA

A

deoxycytidine

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47
Q

nucleoside for thymine in DNA

A

deoxythymidine

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48
Q

nucleoside for adenine in RNA

A

adenosine

49
Q

nucleoside for guanine in RNA

A

guanosine

50
Q

nucleoside for cytosine in RNA

A

cytidine

51
Q

nucleoside for uracil in RNA

A

uridine

52
Q

which is present in nucleotides but not in nucleosides

A

phosphate group

53
Q

which is incorrect concerning structural characteristics of nucleotide

A

base subunit is bonded to phosphate subunit

54
Q

how many of the eight nucleic acid nucleotides are found in DNA molecules

A

four

55
Q

where is nucleotide AMP found

A

RNA molecules not DNA

56
Q

nucleic acid backbone

A
  • phosphate
  • sugar
  • phosphate
  • sugar
  • phosphate
  • sugar
57
Q

DNA backbone

A
  • phosphate
  • deoxyribose
  • phosphate
  • deoxyribose
  • phosphate
  • deoxyribose
58
Q

RNA backbone

A
  • phosphate
  • ribose
  • phosphate
  • ribose
  • phosphate
  • ribose
59
Q

where does the primary structure of nucleic acid depend

A

only on sequence of bases present

60
Q

direction of nucleic acid

A

5’ –>3’

61
Q

connection of phosphate to two sugar molecules

A

3’,5’-phosphodiester linkage

62
Q
  • one end of the nucleotide chain, 5’ end, carries a free phosphate group
  • 3’ end has a free hydroxyl group
A

directionality

63
Q

charge of nonterminal posphate group

A

-1 charge

64
Q

the behavior of nonterminal phosphate group having negative charge gives nucleic acid what property

A

acidic property

65
Q

Three parallels between protein and nucleic acid primary structure

A
  1. backbones do not vary in structure
  2. sequence of attachments to backbones distinguishes the one from the other
  3. have directionality
66
Q

possible nucleotides of DNA

A
  1. dAMP
  2. dGMP
  3. dCMP
  4. dTMP
67
Q

possible nucleotides of RNA

A
  1. AMP
  2. GMP
  3. CMP
  4. UMP
68
Q

primary structure of nucleic is determined by the sequence of

A

bases present

69
Q

backbone of nucleic acid involves alternating sequence of

A

sugar and phosphate groups

70
Q

in segment of nucleic acid, each nonterminal phosphate group carries

A

-1 charge

71
Q

in segment of nucleic acid, terminal phosphate group is found at

A

5’ end

72
Q

the sequence of bases in a segment of nucleic acid is always read in what direction

A

5’ to 3’ direction

73
Q

key to determination the general 3D structure of DNA molecules

A

amounts of bases present

74
Q

in DNA, %purines = ?

A

%pyrimidines

75
Q

who proposed the explanation for base composition patterns associated wtih DNA molecules

A
  1. James Watson
  2. Francis Crick
76
Q

revealed several repeat distaces that characterize the structure of DNA

A

X-ray diffraction studies of
- Rosalind Franklin
- Maurice Wilkens

77
Q

several repeat distance of DNA

A
  • 0.34 nm
  • 3.4 nm
  • 2 nm
78
Q

where is the structure of the double helix often compared to

A

spiral staircase

79
Q

are like handrails on spiral staircase

A

sugar-phosphate backbones

80
Q

the nitrogenous bases extend into the center at __ angles to the axis of helix

A

right

81
Q

Key features of DNA

A
  1. two strands of DNA form right-handed double helix
  2. bases in opposite strands hydrogen bond according to AT/GC rule
  3. two strands are antiparallel
  4. ~10 nucleotides in each strand per complete 360 turn
82
Q

how do the bases in opposite strand connect

A

hydrogen bond

83
Q

the DNA helix is “right-handed”

A

curving up to the right

84
Q

link the units of each strand

A

covalent bond

85
Q

play a major role in holding the DNA molecule together

A

Van der Waals interactions

86
Q

why do only A-T and C-G base pairing occur

A
  1. not enough room for 2 large purine bases
  2. too far apart for 2 small pyrimidines
  3. A-T (2 H bonds)
  4. G-C (3 H bonds)
87
Q

Thymine-Adenine Base Pairing

A

2 hydrogen bonds

88
Q

Cytosine-Guanine Base Pairing

A

3 hydrogen bonds

89
Q

purine and pyrimidine bases are __ in nature

A

hydrophobic

90
Q
  • also contribute to stabilization of DNA
  • involve a given base and the parallel bases directly above and below it
A

stacking interactions

91
Q

what is incorrect in DNA double helix

A

2 nucleotide bases are identical

92
Q

complementary for cytosine

A

guanine

93
Q

15% of bases in DNA are found to be T. What % of bses is G

A

35%

94
Q

correct complementary base sequence for 5’ C-G-A-A-T 3’

A

3’ G-C-T-T-A 5’

95
Q

are pieces of DNA that carry the genetic instructions, or genes, of an organism

A

chromosomes

96
Q

have only a single chromosome

A

prokaryotes

97
Q

have many chromosomes

A

eukaryotes

98
Q

complete set of genetic information in all the chromosomes of an organism

A

genome

99
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes are there in humans

A

23 pairs

100
Q

adders’ tongue fern pairs of chromosomes

A

631 pairs

101
Q

consists of a strand of DNA wrapped around a small disk made up of histone proteins

A

nucleosome

102
Q

nucleosomes that are coiled into a larger structure

A

chromatin

103
Q

protein that provides structural support for a chromosome

A

histone

104
Q

an individual’s complete set of chromosomes

A

karyotype

105
Q

how are karyotypes may be used

A

look for abnormalities in chromosome

106
Q
  • extra copy of chromosome 21
  • varying degrees of mental challenges, flattened face, short stature
A

Down Syndrome

107
Q
  • extra copy of chromosome 18
  • extreme mental and physical defects and early death
A

Edward Syndrome

108
Q
  • extra copy of chromosome 13
  • extreme mental and physical defects and early death
A

Patau Syndrome

109
Q
  • males with two X chromosomes and one Y
  • show sexual immaturity and breast development
A

Klinefelter Syndrome

110
Q
  • males with extra Y chromosome
  • unusually tall
A

XYY Syndrome

111
Q
  • females with extra X chromosome
  • unusually tall, have problems with spoken language and processing spoken words, coordination problems, weaker muscles
A

Triple X Syndrome

112
Q
  • females with only a single X chromosome
  • short stature, webbed neck, sexual immaturity
A

Turner Syndrome

113
Q

it is thought that __ of all miscarriages are result of abnormal chromosome numbers

A

50%

114
Q

biochemical process by which DNA molecules produce exact duplicates of themselves

A

DNA replication

115
Q

one strand is orginal (parent)
one strand is newly synthesized (daughter)

A

semiconservative replication

116
Q

prove the mode of DNA replication is semi-conservative

A

Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl’s experiment

117
Q

heavy DNA of E. coli experiment

A

15N heavy isotope

118
Q

light DNA of E. coli experiment

A

14N light isotope

z - CHM040 - Biomolecules (15 decks)

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