Chapter 5: Nucleic Acids Flashcards
1
Q
Types of nucleic acids
A
- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- ribonucleic acid (RNA)
2
Q
where is DNA found
A
nearly all is found within nucleus
3
Q
primary function of DNA
A
storage and transfer of genetic information
4
Q
how is DNA passed
A
from exisiting cells to new cells during cell division
5
Q
where is RNA found
A
all parts of cell
6
Q
function of RNA
A
synthesis of protein
7
Q
Components of nucleic acids
A
- five-carbon (pentose) sugar
- phosphate
- four heterocyclic amine (nitrogenous base)
8
Q
connection of base, phosphate, sugar
A
phosphate - sugar - base (naka L)
9
Q
sugars
A
- 2’-deoxyribose
- ribose
10
Q
two types of nitrogenous bases
A
- purines
- pyrimidines
11
Q
purines
A
- adenine
- guanine
12
Q
pyrimidines
A
- thymine (DNA)
- uracil (RNA)
- cytosine
13
Q
unbranched polymer contiaining monomer units called nucleotides
A
nucleic acids
14
Q
three-subunit molecule in which a pentose sugar is bonded to both a phosphate group and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic base
A
nucleotide
15
Q
combination of sugar, with a purine or pyrimidine base
A
nucleosides
16
Q
difference between ribose and deoxyribose
A
- ribose - OH in Carbon 2
- deoxyribose - H in Carbon 2
17
Q
where is phosphate derived from
A
phosphoric acid
18
Q
how did the phosphoric acid turn into phosphate
A
- loses two of Hydrogen atoms
- give a hydrogen phosphate
19
Q
suffix for purines
A
- osine
20
Q
suffix for pyrimidines
A
- idine
21
Q
dAMP
A
Deoxyadenosine monophosphate
22
Q
dADP
A
Deoxyadenosine diphosphate
23
Q
dATP
A
Deoxyadenosine triphosphate
24
Q
AMP
A
Adenosine monophosphate
25
ADP
Adenosine diphosphate
26
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
27
any given nucleotide in a nucleic acid contains
- one pentose
- one heterocyclic base
- one phosphate group
28
how many different sugars and how many different heterocyclic bases are available, respecively, for incorporation into a nucleotide
2 and 5
29
how many different heterocyclic bases that are purine derivative are available for incorporation into a nucleotide
2
30
nucleoside
sugar + base
31
nucleotide
nuceloside + phosphate
32
the nitrogenous base is always attached to __ of the sugar which is always in ____
- Carbon 1
- beta-configuration
33
where do purine bases attach
N9 to C1
34
where do pyrimidine bases attach
N1 to C1
35
bond connecting sugar and base
beta-N-glycosidic linkage
36
what is formed as sugar and nitrogenous base bond together
water
37
reaction between sugar and nitrogenous base
condensation reaction
38
are named as derivatives of the base that they contain
nucleosides
39
nucleoside with pyrimidine bases
- cytidine
- thymidine
- uridine
40
nucleoside with purine bases
- adenosine
- guanosine
41
bond connecting phosphate to sugar
phosphoester linkage
42
where is the phosphate group connected to sugar
carbon 5 of sugar
43
how many are produced in combining sugar, base, and phosphate into a nucleotide
2 molecules of water
44
nucleoside for adenine in DNA
deoxyadenosine
45
nucleoside for guanine in DNA
deoxyguanosine
46
nucleoside for cytosine in DNA
deoxycytidine
47
nucleoside for thymine in DNA
deoxythymidine
48
nucleoside for adenine in RNA
adenosine
49
nucleoside for guanine in RNA
guanosine
50
nucleoside for cytosine in RNA
cytidine
51
nucleoside for uracil in RNA
uridine
52
which is present in nucleotides but not in nucleosides
phosphate group
53
which is incorrect concerning structural characteristics of nucleotide
base subunit is bonded to phosphate subunit
54
how many of the eight nucleic acid nucleotides are found in DNA molecules
four
55
where is nucleotide AMP found
RNA molecules not DNA
56
nucleic acid backbone
- phosphate
- sugar
- phosphate
- sugar
- phosphate
- sugar
57
DNA backbone
- phosphate
- deoxyribose
- phosphate
- deoxyribose
- phosphate
- deoxyribose
58
RNA backbone
- phosphate
- ribose
- phosphate
- ribose
- phosphate
- ribose
59
where does the primary structure of nucleic acid depend
only on sequence of bases present
60
direction of nucleic acid
5' -->3'
61
connection of phosphate to two sugar molecules
3',5'-phosphodiester linkage
62
- one end of the nucleotide chain, 5' end, carries a free phosphate group
- 3' end has a free hydroxyl group
directionality
63
charge of nonterminal posphate group
-1 charge
64
the behavior of nonterminal phosphate group having negative charge gives nucleic acid what property
acidic property
65
Three parallels between protein and nucleic acid primary structure
1. backbones do not vary in structure
2. sequence of attachments to backbones distinguishes the one from the other
3. have directionality
66
possible nucleotides of DNA
1. dAMP
2. dGMP
3. dCMP
4. dTMP
67
possible nucleotides of RNA
1. AMP
2. GMP
3. CMP
4. UMP
68
primary structure of nucleic is determined by the sequence of
bases present
69
backbone of nucleic acid involves alternating sequence of
sugar and phosphate groups
70
in segment of nucleic acid, each nonterminal phosphate group carries
-1 charge
71
in segment of nucleic acid, terminal phosphate group is found at
5' end
72
the sequence of bases in a segment of nucleic acid is always read in what direction
5' to 3' direction
73
key to determination the general 3D structure of DNA molecules
amounts of bases present
74
in DNA, %purines = ?
%pyrimidines
75
who proposed the explanation for base composition patterns associated wtih DNA molecules
1. James Watson
2. Francis Crick
76
revealed several repeat distaces that characterize the structure of DNA
X-ray diffraction studies of
- Rosalind Franklin
- Maurice Wilkens
77
several repeat distance of DNA
- 0.34 nm
- 3.4 nm
- 2 nm
78
where is the structure of the double helix often compared to
spiral staircase
79
are like handrails on spiral staircase
sugar-phosphate backbones
80
the nitrogenous bases extend into the center at __ angles to the axis of helix
right
81
Key features of DNA
1. two strands of DNA form right-handed double helix
2. bases in opposite strands hydrogen bond according to AT/GC rule
3. two strands are antiparallel
4. ~10 nucleotides in each strand per complete 360 turn
82
how do the bases in opposite strand connect
hydrogen bond
83
the DNA helix is "right-handed"
curving up to the right
84
link the units of each strand
covalent bond
85
play a major role in holding the DNA molecule together
Van der Waals interactions
86
why do only A-T and C-G base pairing occur
1. not enough room for 2 large purine bases
2. too far apart for 2 small pyrimidines
3. A-T (2 H bonds)
4. G-C (3 H bonds)
87
Thymine-Adenine Base Pairing
2 hydrogen bonds
88
Cytosine-Guanine Base Pairing
3 hydrogen bonds
89
purine and pyrimidine bases are __ in nature
hydrophobic
90
- also contribute to stabilization of DNA
- involve a given base and the parallel bases directly above and below it
stacking interactions
91
what is incorrect in DNA double helix
2 nucleotide bases are identical
92
complementary for cytosine
guanine
93
15% of bases in DNA are found to be T. What % of bses is G
35%
94
correct complementary base sequence for 5' C-G-A-A-T 3'
3' G-C-T-T-A 5'
95
are pieces of DNA that carry the genetic instructions, or genes, of an organism
chromosomes
96
have only a single chromosome
prokaryotes
97
have many chromosomes
eukaryotes
98
complete set of genetic information in all the chromosomes of an organism
genome
99
how many pairs of chromosomes are there in humans
23 pairs
100
adders' tongue fern pairs of chromosomes
631 pairs
101
consists of a strand of DNA wrapped around a small disk made up of histone proteins
nucleosome
102
nucleosomes that are coiled into a larger structure
chromatin
103
protein that provides structural support for a chromosome
histone
104
an individual's complete set of chromosomes
karyotype
105
how are karyotypes may be used
look for abnormalities in chromosome
106
- extra copy of chromosome 21
- varying degrees of mental challenges, flattened face, short stature
Down Syndrome
107
- extra copy of chromosome 18
- extreme mental and physical defects and early death
Edward Syndrome
108
- extra copy of chromosome 13
- extreme mental and physical defects and early death
Patau Syndrome
109
- males with two X chromosomes and one Y
- show sexual immaturity and breast development
Klinefelter Syndrome
110
- males with extra Y chromosome
- unusually tall
XYY Syndrome
111
- females with extra X chromosome
- unusually tall, have problems with spoken language and processing spoken words, coordination problems, weaker muscles
Triple X Syndrome
112
- females with only a single X chromosome
- short stature, webbed neck, sexual immaturity
Turner Syndrome
113
it is thought that __ of all miscarriages are result of abnormal chromosome numbers
50%
114
biochemical process by which DNA molecules produce exact duplicates of themselves
DNA replication
115
one strand is orginal (parent)
one strand is newly synthesized (daughter)
semiconservative replication
116
prove the mode of DNA replication is semi-conservative
Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl's experiment
117
heavy DNA of _E._ _coli_ experiment
15N heavy isotope
118
light DNA of _E._ _coli_ experiment
14N light isotope
