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z - CHM040 - Biomolecules > Chapter 6: Lipids > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

most widely occuring types of lipids

A
  • fats
  • oils
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2
Q

thick layers of fat help __ polar bears against the effect of low temperatures

A

insulate

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3
Q

where is the characterization of lipids based on

A

solubility characteristics

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4
Q

oranic compound found in living organisms that is insoluble (or only sparingly soluble) in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents

A

lipids

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5
Q

where is the word lipd from

A

Greek lipos = fat or lard

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6
Q

where is lipids soluble

A

nonpolar organic solvents

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7
Q

Four main types of lipids

A
  1. fatty acids
  2. glycerides
  3. nonglyceride lipids
  4. complex lipids
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8
Q

fatty acids

A
  • saturated
  • unsaturated
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9
Q

glycerides

A
  • neutral glycerides
  • phosphoglycerides
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10
Q

nonglyceride lipids

A
  • sphingolipids
  • steroids
  • waxes
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11
Q

sphingolipids

A
  • sphingomyelins
  • glycolipids
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12
Q

complex lipids

A

lipoproteins

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13
Q

are found in many types of lipids

A

fatty acids

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14
Q

Biological functions of lipids

A
  1. energy source
  2. cell membrane structural components
  3. hormones
  4. vitamins and vitamin absorption
  5. protection
  6. insulation
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15
Q

energy source

A

triacylglycerols

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16
Q

when oxidized, how many kilocalories of energy do lipids release

A

9 kilocalories

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17
Q

kilocalories of energy released by carbohydrate

A

4 kcal

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18
Q

fat cells

A

adipocytes

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19
Q

make up the basic structure of all cell membranes

A
  • phospholgycerides
  • sphingolipids
  • steroids
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20
Q
  • play an important role in clotting of blood and in structure of a membrane
  • allow transport of enzymes and is a major component of membrane
A

Phosphoglycerides

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21
Q
  • enriched in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and display multiple biological functions
  • participate in tissue development, cell recognition and adhesion, and act as receptors for toxins
A

Sphingolipids

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22
Q
  • dominant sphingolipid in membranes of mammalian cells
  • specifically enriched in the plasma membrane, the endocytic recycling compartment, and the trans Golgi network
A

Sphingomyelin (SM)

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23
Q
  • reduce the fluidity of the cell membrane
  • function as signaling molecules within the cell
A

Steroids

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24
Q

combination of phospholipids and proteins that reduces surface tension in the alveoli of the lungs

A

pulmonary surfactant

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25
Q

small, thin-walled air sacs in the lungs

A

alveoli

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26
Q

what do pulmonary surfactants allow

A
  • efficient gas exchange across membranes
  • oxygen and carbon dioxide can easily diffuse
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27
Q

pulmonary surfactant is not produced until early in the __ __ of pregnancy

A

6th month

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28
Q

what do premature babies born before they have begun secretion of natural surfactant suffer from

A

respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

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29
Q

administered directly into the trachea of babies with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

A

artificial surfactant

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30
Q

critical chemical messengers that allow tissues of the body to communcate with each other

A

steroid hormones

31
Q

exert strong biological effects on both the cells that produce them and other cells of the body

A

prostaglandins

32
Q

can reduce pain, fever and other types of inflammation by inhibiting the COX enzymes

A

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

33
Q

precursor of prostaglandins

A

arachidonic acid

34
Q

physiological stimuli

A

COX1

35
Q

infection, injury

A

COX2

36
Q

COX1

A

protective prostaglandins

37
Q

COX2

A

inflammatory prostaglandins

38
Q

protective prostaglandins

A
  • stomach mucosa
  • platelet stickiness
39
Q

inflammatory prostaglandins

A
  • pain
  • fever
  • inflammation
40
Q

lipid-soluble vitamins

A
  • A
  • D
  • E
  • K
41
Q
  • important for normal vision, the immune system, reproduction, and growth and development
  • helps your heart, lungs, and other organs work properly
A

Vitamin A

42
Q
  • essential for bone strength and may be good for supporting the immune system and other functions
A

Vitamin D

43
Q
  • main role is to act as an antioxidant, scavenging loose electrons—so-called “free radicals”—that can damage cells
  • enhances immune function and prevents clots from forming in heart arteries
A

Vitamin E

44
Q
  • group of vitamins that the body needs for blood clotting, helping wounds to heal
  • may help keep bones healthy
A

Vitamin K

45
Q

fat serve as a __ __, or protective layer for the vital organs

A

shock absorber

46
Q

percent of body fat reserved for protection

A

4%

47
Q

hormones

A
  • steroid hormones
  • eicosanoids
48
Q
  • signaling molecules that play a unique role in innate immune responses
  • allow the innate immune cells to respond rapidly to bacterial invaders
A

Eicosanoids

49
Q

serves to insulate the body from extremes of cold temperatures

A

subcutaneous fat

50
Q

Two categories of lipids based on hydrolysis

A
  1. Saponifiable lipids
  2. Nonsaponifiable lipids
51
Q

hydrolysis reaction that occurs in basic solution

A

saponification reaction

52
Q

saponifialbe lipids

A
  1. triacylglycerols
  2. phospholipids
  3. sphingoglycolipids
  4. biological waxes
53
Q

nonsaponifiable lipids

A
  1. cholesterol
  2. steroid hormones
  3. bile acids
  4. eicosanoids
54
Q

a lipid is any substance that is __ in water and __ in nonpolar solvents

A
  • insoluble (water)
  • soluble (nonpolar solvents)
55
Q

the saponification/nonsaponification classification system for lipids is based on

A

lipid behavior in basic solution

56
Q
  • long-chain monocarboxylic acids
  • generally contain an even number of carbon atoms as a consequence for their biosynthesis
  • rarely found in nature but rather part of more complex lipid structure
A

fatty acids

57
Q

one that contains at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond

A

unsaturated fatty acid

58
Q

18-carbon unsaturated fatty acid

A

oleic acid

59
Q

the double bonds found in almost all naturally occuring lipids is __ __

A

cis-configuration

60
Q

cis-configuration puts a rigid __ __ in the chain

A

30° bend

61
Q

fatty acid with a carbon chain with one carbon-carbon double bond present

A

monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)

62
Q

fatty acid with a carbon chain in which two or more carbon-carbon double bond

A

polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)

63
Q

up to __ double bonds are found in biochemically important PUFAs

A

six

64
Q

MUFAs are usually __ acids and first two additional double bonds in PUFAs are generally at __ and __ locations

A
  • Δ9
  • Δ12
  • Δ15
65
Q

PUFA of arachidonic acid

A

20:4(Δ5,8,11,14)

66
Q

exist when double-bond position is specified relative to the methyl (noncarboxyl) end of the fatty acid carbon chain

A

families of unsaturated fatty acids

67
Q

families of unsaturated fatty acids exist when double-bond position is specified relative to the __ __ of fatty acid carbon chain

A

methyl (noncarboxyl) end

68
Q

an unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond three atoms away from methyl end

A

Omega-3 FA

69
Q

unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond six carbon atoms away from its methyl end

A

Omega-6 FA

70
Q

statement regarding fatty acids

A

rarely found in free state in nature

71
Q

example of members of pair polyunsaturated fatty acids

A
  • 18:2 acid
  • 18:3 acid
72
Q

example of omega-6 fatty acid

A

CH3 – (CH2)4 – CH==CH – (CH2)8 – COOH

73
Q

double bond present in monounsaturated fatty acid almost always in

A

cis-configuration

z - CHM040 - Biomolecules (15 decks)

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