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z - CHM040 - Biomolecules > Chapter 2: Additional Slides > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Additional Slides Flashcards

1
Q

first line of defense against pH shift

A

chemical buffer system

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2
Q

second line of defense against pH shift

A

physiological buffers

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3
Q

chemical buffer systems

A
  1. bicarbonate buffer system
  2. phosphate buffer system
  3. protein buffer system
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4
Q

physiological buffers

A
  1. respiratory mechanism
  2. renal mechanism
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5
Q

respiratory mechanism

A

CO2 excretion

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6
Q

renal mechanism

A

H+ excretion

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7
Q

bicarbonate buffer maintain a __:__ ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid

A

20:1

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8
Q

bicarbonate

A

HCO3-

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9
Q

carbonic acid

A

H2CO3

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10
Q

what do lung eliminate

A

carbon dioxide

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11
Q

what can kidneys remove

A

excess non-gas acids and bases

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12
Q

enzyme that assists rapid inter-conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, protons and bicarbonate ions

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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13
Q

where are carbonic anhydrase found

A
  • red blood cells
  • gastric mucosa
  • pancreatic cells
  • renal tubules
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14
Q

to lower pH, kidneys excrete

A

HCO3-

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15
Q

to raise pH, kidneys excrete __ and lungs excrete __

A
  • H+
  • CO2
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16
Q

sodium bicarbonate

A

NaHCO3

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17
Q

when can carbonic acid buffer system only function

A

respiratory system and respiratory control centers are working normally

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18
Q

ability to buffer acids is limited by what?

A

availability of bicarbonate ions

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19
Q

what is the pKa of carbonic acid

A

6.35

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20
Q

pH of blood

A

7.4

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21
Q

has a much larger capacity of resisting change in pH

A

more concentrated buffer

22
Q

major buffer system of the body

A

bicarbonate buffer

23
Q

very effective but not found in high concentrations in extracellular fluid

A

phosphate buffer

24
Q

where is the phosphate buffer important

A
  • intracellular fluid (ICF)
  • renal tubules
25
Q

optimum pH of phosphate

A

6.8

26
Q

What are the two types protein buffers

A
  1. amino acids
  2. hemoglobin
27
Q

respond to pH changes by accepting or releasing H+

A

free and terminal amino acids

28
Q

amino acids:
if acid comes into blood, hydronium ions can be neutralized by what group

A

-COO-

29
Q

amino acids:
if base is added, it can be neutralized by what group

A

-NH3+

30
Q
  • binds CO2
  • binds and transports hydrogen and oxygen
  • maintains blood pH as it changes from oxyhemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin
A

hemoglobin

31
Q

hemoglobin maintains pH as it changes from what to what?

A
  • oxyhemoglobin
  • deoxyhemoglobin
32
Q
  • exhalation of CO2
  • only works in volatile acids
  • does not affect fixed acids
  • pH can be adjusted by changing rate and depth of breathing
  • provide O2 to cells and remove CO2
A

respiratory regulation

33
Q

respiratory regulation only works on what acids

A

volatile acids

34
Q

respiratory regulation equation

A

CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3-

35
Q
  • drives reaction to the left
  • caused removal of H+
  • pH goes up
A

hyperventilation

36
Q
  • drives reaction to the right
  • additional of H+
  • pH goes down
A

hypoventilation

37
Q
  • can eliminate large amounts of fixed acid
  • excrete base
  • conserve and produce bicarbonate ions
A

renal regulation

38
Q

renal regulation is the __ __ regulator of pH

A

most effective

39
Q

primary base in the body

A

HCO3

40
Q

for every hydrogen ion buffered by bicarbonate - a __ __ is consumed

A

bicarbonate ion

41
Q

where is the bicarbonate freely filtered

A

glomerulus

42
Q

approx. how many bicarbonate would be filtered in 24 hours

A

4300mmol

43
Q

what happens when re-generation of bicarbonate would not happen

A

cause acidotic state

44
Q

Renal Bicarbonate Regeneration involves what enzyme

A

carbonate dehydratase (carbonic anhydrase)

45
Q

catalyses the formation of CO2 and H2O from carbonic acid (H2CO3) in the renal tubular lumen

A

carbonate dehydratase

46
Q

CO2 diffuses across the __ __ into the __ __

A
  • luminal membrane
  • tubular cells
47
Q

renal response to acidosis

A
  1. increased reabsorption of filtered HCO3-
  2. increases excretion of titratable acids
  3. increased production of ammonia
48
Q

titratable acids excreted in urine during acidosis

A

H2PO4- (Dihydrogen phosphate)

49
Q

principal source of NH3 production in the kidneys

A

deamination of glutamine

50
Q

when body is in alkalosis, tubular cells secrete __ __ and reclaim __ __

A
  • bicarbonate ions
  • hydrogen ions
51
Q

the amount of strong base needed to titrate the urine pH back to 7.4.

A

Titratable acid (TA)

z - CHM040 - Biomolecules (15 decks)

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