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Biology GCSE > Organising Animals & Plants > Flashcards

Organising Animals & Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

What is blood?

A

A unique tissue based on a liquid called plasma

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2
Q

What does plasma do?

A

Carries red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and dissolved substances around the body

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3
Q

Where and how is urea formed?

A

In the liver from the breakdown of proteins and is carried to the kidneys where it’s removed as urine

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4
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Pick up oxygen from the lungs and carry it to cells

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5
Q

What are the adaptations of red blood cells?

A

Biconcave shape means high surface area to volume ratio to increase diffusion, packed full of haemoglobin that binds oxygen, no nucleus to make more space for haemoglobin

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6
Q

What do the different types of white blood cells do?

A

Make antibodies to fight against microorganism, make antitoxins to fight poisons made by microorganisms, phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms

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7
Q

What are platelets?

A

Small fragments of cells that have no nucleus, their main job is to clot blood

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8
Q

How does blood clot?

A

A network of protein fibres that capture red blood cells and more platelets to form a clot, the clot dries and hardens to form a scab to prevent bacteria from entering the wound

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9
Q

How does blood oxygenation happen?

A
  1. Red blood cell passes through a capillary close to the alveoli and oxygen diffuses into red blood cell
  2. Oxygen combines with haemoglobin, forming oxyhaemoglobin
  3. Blood is now oxygenated (rich in oxygen)
  4. Oxygenated blood flows through capillary close to respiring cells, oxyhaemoglobin splits back into oxygen and haemoglobin
  5. Oxygen diffuses out of blood and into tissue cells
  6. Blood is now deoxygenated
  7. Red blood cells return to the lungs to collect more oxygen
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10
Q

Which was is the direction of flow of an artery?

A

Away from heart and towards other organs in body

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11
Q

What is the direction of flow of a vein?

A

Away from organs and towards your heart

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12
Q

What is the direction of flow of a capillary?

A

Go either way - links arteries and veins

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13
Q

What is the blood pressure of arteries?

A

High blood pressure (40-100mmHg)

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14
Q

What is the blood pressure of veins?

A

Low blood pressure - no pulse (5-20mmHg)

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15
Q

What is the blood pressure of capillaries?

A

Medium pressure (20-30mmHg)

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16
Q

What is the colour of blood in arteries?

A

Bright red (oxygenated blood)

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17
Q

What is the colour of blood in veins?

A

Deep purple-red

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18
Q

What is the colour of blood in capillaries?

A

Dull red (deoxygenated blood)

19
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

Carry blood away from heart to other organs

20
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Carry blood towards the heart and away from other organs

21
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Allow materials to diffuse out of the blood

22
Q

What is the structure of arteries?

A

Thick walls, small lumen, thick layer of muscles

23
Q

What is the structure of veins?

A

Relatively thin walls, large lumen

24
Q

What is the structure of capillaries?

A

Walls are a single cell thick, tiny vessels, narrow lumen

25
Q

Do capillaries have valves?

A

Yes - always

26
Q

Do veins have valves?

A

Sometimes

27
Q

Do arteries have valves?

A

No - never

28
Q

What is the circulation system in humans and mammals?

A

Double circulation system ~

  1. Carries blood towards heart to lungs and back again
  2. Carries blood from heart to other organs and back again
29
Q

What is the heart?

A

A muscular organ that pumps blood around the body through repeated rhythmic contractions

30
Q

What is coronary heart disease (CHD)?

A

A disease where heart’s blood supply is blocked or interrupted by a build up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries

31
Q

What are treatments for CHD?

A

Stents, statins, valve replacements, heart replacement (donor), heart and lung replacements (donor)

32
Q

What is a statin?

A

A drug prescribed by doctors to people at risk of CHD

33
Q

What do statins do?

A

Reduce cholesterol levels and therefore reduce blood the rate at which plaque builds up in the arteries

34
Q

What is a stent?

A

A wired mesh tube that reopens arteries

35
Q

How do stents reopen arteries?

A

A thin metal tube is threaded through the artery and another one is threaded to the artery. A balloon on the end inflates and expands the metal wire and reopens the artery by pushing back the fatty deposits

36
Q

What are the advantages of stents?

A

No risk of surgery failing, no donor needed, better for the elderly, easier to insert, less restrictions after being inserted, more permanent, simple procedure

37
Q

What are the disadvantages of stents?

A

Heart bypass would be better, harder for young people, going through metal detectors at airports, might not work, lifestyle changes, risk of clotting

38
Q

What do petals do?

A

Attract bees with colour

39
Q

What do leaves do?

A

Hold chlorophyll and absorb light energy

40
Q

What do stems do?

A

Absorb light energy

41
Q

What do roots do?

A

Takes water up

42
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

Palisade mesophyll

43
Q

What happens in transpiration?

A
  1. Water moves into roots from the soil by osmosis
  2. Water moves up from roots to stem
  3. Water moves up through the stem and into the leaves to replace the water lost from evaporation
  4. Water is lost from the leaves by evaporation through open stomata

Biology GCSE (8 decks)

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