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Biology GCSE > Organisation & The Digestive System > Flashcards

Organisation & The Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Coiled up DNA which is found in the nucleus of the cell which gives you your physical characteristics based on the dominant gene

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2
Q

What is a gene?

A

A strand of DNA that controls your characteristics

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3
Q

What is DNA?

A

The biological information from your parents which causes your physical characteristics

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4
Q

Why does cell division happen?

A

Growth, replacing worn out cells and repairing damaged tissue

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5
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

A
  1. Cell gets bigger and increases mass. The DNA is duplicated and sub-cellular structures are increased
  2. Mitosis - one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides
  3. The cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form identical daughter cells
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6
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An unspecialised cell that doesn’t have a specialised function

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7
Q

What are the two types of stem cells and where do you get them from?

A

Embryotic stem cells ~ from human embryos

Adult stem cells ~ from bone marrow

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8
Q

What are meristems?

A

Stem cells in specific parts of plants that can differentiate at any point throughout the plants life

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9
Q

What are the meristem stem cells like?

A

They’re small, unspecialised, have very thin cell walls, have no chloroplasts (no photosynthesis), can divide to make “clones”

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10
Q

What are meristem clones used for?

A

Research, agriculture and horticulture

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11
Q

What are some alternatives to embryotic stem cells?

A

Stem cells from amniotic fluid and umbilical cord blood

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12
Q

What are advantages of embryotic stem cells?

A

Cells divide and grow rapidly, have the potential benefit many people, spare embryos of fertility treatment, create new tissues quickly, won’t be rejected by patients

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13
Q

What are disadvantages of embryotic stem cells?

A

From aborted embryos, seen as violation of human rights, some can’t accept any interference with human reproduction, expensive, hard to control, may cause cancer

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14
Q

What are advantages of adult stem cells?

A

avoid controversy, successfully treat some forms of heart disease, can grow new organs, easier to obtain, no embryos required

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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of adult stem cells?

A

Limited types developed, trigger immune response, can become infected by viruses and transfer to patients, stem cell extraction is painful

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16
Q

What is a cell?

A

Smallest functional unit of a living organism, it contains parts to carry out life processes

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17
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a function

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18
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different tissues working together to perform a function

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19
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together to perform a function

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20
Q

What do muscle tissues do?

A

Contract and conduct electrical impulses

21
Q

What do glandular tissues do?

A

Produce and release hormones and enzymes

22
Q

What does the respiratory system do?

A

Moves air in and out of lungs to control gas exchange between blood and lungs

23
Q

What does digestive system do?

A

Extracts and absorbs nutrients from food, removes waste and maintains water balance

24
Q

What does the circulatory system do?

A

Transports nutrients, wastes, hormones and gases

25
Q

What does the skeletal system do?

A

Protects and supports the body and organs, enables movement and produces blood cells

26
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

Regulates behaviour and responds to the environment

27
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

Regulates and maintains hormones

28
Q

What are carbohydrates made up of?

A

Simple sugars (e.g. gluocose) and complex sugars (e.g. starch)

29
Q

What are lipids made of?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

30
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Amino acids

31
Q

What are the organs in the digestive system?

A

Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, gall bladder

32
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst

33
Q

How does a substrate bind to an enzyme?

A
  1. Substrate has a complimentary shape to the enzyme
  2. The substrate binds to the enzyme
  3. Splits up large substrate into small molecules and products are released
34
Q

What is the lock and key model?

A

The enzyme substrate complex model

35
Q

What factors affect enzymes?

A

Temperature and pH

36
Q

What is the optimum temperature for enzymes?

A

37 degrees celsius (body temp)

37
Q

What is the optimum pH for protease?

A

pH 1

38
Q

What enzyme breaks down lipids?

A

Lipase

39
Q

What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrase

40
Q

What enzyme breaks down proteins?

A

Protease

41
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A

Chemical and mechanical

42
Q

What are the stages of the digestive system?

A
  1. Teeth crush large pieces of food into small pieces
  2. Saliva mixes with small pieces of food to make a bolus
  3. In the saliva there’s amylase so carbohydrates start to break down
  4. Food goes down oesophagus and into stomach
  5. In stomach, hydrochloric acid kills bacteria and provides optimum pH for protease
  6. Food moves to small intestine
  7. Liver makes bile which is stored in gall bladder and sent to small intestine
  8. Small soluble molecules diffuse into blood stream
43
Q

What biochemical reagent is used to test for reducing sugars?

A

Benedict’s solution

44
Q

What colour change would show a positive result when testing for reducing sugars?

A

Brick red

45
Q

What biochemical reagent is used to test for starch?

A

Iodine

46
Q

What colour change would show a positive result when testing for starch?

A

Blue/black

47
Q

What colour change would show a positive result when testing for proteins?

A

Pale purple

48
Q

What biochemical reagent is used to test for proteins?

A

Biuret solution

Biology GCSE (8 decks)

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