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Biology GCSE > Communicable Diseases & Prevention and Treatment of Disease > Flashcards

Communicable Diseases & Prevention and Treatment of Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

How can pathogens spread?

A

Dirty water, contaminated food, airborn, animals, physical contact

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2
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

Diseases that are spread from one organism to another

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3
Q

Examples of communicable diseases

A

Influenza, chicken pox, leprosy, lung damage (TB), polio

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4
Q

What are the types of pathogens?

A

Bacteria, virus, protist, fungi

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5
Q

How do bacteria make you ill?

A

Produce toxins to make us ill

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6
Q

How do viruses make us ill?

A

Live inside cells and cause cell damage

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7
Q

What is health?

A

A state of physical and mental well-being

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8
Q

What is health caused by?

A

Diet, stress and life situation

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9
Q

What does the immune system do?

A

Helps to destroy pathogens

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10
Q

What are defects in the immune system caused by?

A

Genetic makeup, malnutrition, infections

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11
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism which causes disease

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12
Q

Why aren’t all bacteria harmful?

A

A lot of healthy bacteria such as the bacteria in your gut that helps digest your food

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13
Q

What are features of bacteria?

A

single celled organisms, smaller than animal and plant cells, cause symptoms like high temperatures, headaches and rashes, reproduce rapidly once in the body, split in two (binary fission) and produce toxins

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14
Q

What are features of viruses?

A

cause disease in a range of organisms, reproduce rapidly in the body, cause symptoms like high temperatures, headaches and rashes, take over cells in the body and cause cell damage, very small, have a regular shape

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15
Q

How do diseases spread through the air?

A

Expel droplets full of pathogens from your breathing system, and others breathe those droplets in

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16
Q

How do diseases spread through physical contact?

A

Bodily fluids, sexual contact, cuts, scratches, sharing needles

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17
Q

How do diseases spread through food/water?

A

Enters via digestive system

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18
Q

What is agar?

A

A jelly like substance that you can grow bacteria colonies in

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19
Q

How do you prepare agar plates?

A
  1. Wash your hands, sterilise work surface and gather all equipment (don’t take lid off petri dish)
  2. Sterilise the inoculating loop by dipping it in ethanol and pass it through a blue flame
  3. Dip the inoculating loop into a sample containing microbes (e.g. E coli)
  4. Spread the microbes on the agar gently and immediately close the lid
  5. Tape lid down in 4 places and write your name, the date and the sample you did on the underside of the agar plate
  6. Incubate the plates in an autoclave by 25 degrees celsius for a few days
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20
Q

Who is Ignaz Semmelweiss?

A

A doctor in the 1800s

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21
Q

What did Semmelweiss do?

A

Discovered that childbed fever was linked to doctors not washing their hands between dealing with dead bodies and birthing children

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22
Q

Who was Louis Pasteur?

A

A french scientist (1822-1895)

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23
Q

What did Pasteur do?

A

Discovered that decay was caused by microorganisms in the air

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24
Q

What did Joseph Lister do?

A

Came up with the idea of antiseptic and used carbolic acid to sterilise himself before treating patients. Decreased numbers of post operative infections

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25
Q

What did Sir Alexander Fleming do?

A

Discovered a mould called Penicillin which killed other bacterias - the first antibiotic

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26
Q

How did Pasteur prevent microbes causing disease?

A

Vaccines (like Anthrax and Rabies)

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27
Q

What are the 4 ways that communicable diseases are properly prevented?

A

Hygiene, isolating infected individuals, destroying/controlling vectors, vaccination

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28
Q

Examples of bacterial diseases

A

Gonorrhoea, salmonella, bacterial diseases in plants

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29
Q

How does Salmonella spread?

A

Uncooked food and unhygienic conditions

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30
Q

What are symptoms of Salmonella?

A

Vomiting, diarrhoea, cramps

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31
Q

How is Salmonella prevented?

A

Poultry are vaccinated against Salmonella (in the UK), keeping raw meat away from cooked meat

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32
Q

Where does Salmonella live?

A

In the gut of many animals

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33
Q

How does Gonorrhoea spread?

A

Unprotected sex

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34
Q

What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea?

A

Yellow/green discharge from genitals, pain during urination, pelvic pain, infertility, ectopic pregnancies

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35
Q

How is Gonorrhoea prevented?

A

It’s hard to treat but using condoms when having sex, penicillin (antibiotics), protected sex

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36
Q

Where are bacterial diseases in plants found?

A

Tropical and sub-tropical regions

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37
Q

How are bacterial diseases in plants spread?

A

Insterts plasmids into plant cells, plants touching and in the soil

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38
Q

How are bacterial diseases in plants prevented?

A

Treated by removing infected plants

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39
Q

Examples of viral diseases

A

HIV/AIDS, Measles, Tobacco Mosaic Virus

40
Q

How is Measles spread?

A

Inhalation of droplets from coughs/sneezes

41
Q

What are symptoms of Measles?

A

Fever and red skin rash

42
Q

How does Measles affect organisms?

A

Can cause blindness and brain damage

43
Q

How are Measles treated?

A

No treatment

44
Q

How is Measles prevented?

A

Isolation

45
Q

How does HIV/AIDS spread?

A

Attacks immune system cells until immune system is badly damaged

46
Q

What are symptoms of HIV/AIDS?

A

Flu symptoms, depends on health and level of nutrition

47
Q

How does HIV/AIDS affect organisms?

A

May lead to certain cancers

48
Q

How is Tobacco Mosaic Virus spread?

A

Plants and insects act as vectors

49
Q

What are symptoms of Tobacco Mosaic Virus?

A

Discolouration of leaves, destroys cells

50
Q

How does Tobacco Mosaic Virus affect organisms?

A

Growth of plant, no photosynthesis

51
Q

How is Tobacco Mosaic Virus treated?

A

No treatment but farmers grow TMV resistant strains of crops

52
Q

Examples of fungal diseases

A

Rose Black Spot, Athlete’s Foot

53
Q

Examples of protist diseases

A

Malaria

54
Q

How does Rose Black Spot spread?

A

Spread through winds and water

55
Q

How is Rose Black Spot prevented?

A

Removing and destroying affected leaves and fungicides

56
Q

What are symptoms of Rose Black Spot?

A

Black spots on leaves, leaves turn yellow, lack of growth, photosynthesis is reduced, leaves drop early

57
Q

How is Malaria prevented?

A

Prevent vectors from breeding, remove dirty water, antimalarial medications

58
Q

What are symptoms of Malaria?

A

Fever, sweats, chills, headaches, vomiting, diarrhoea

59
Q

How does Athlete’s Foot spread?

A

Spreads rapidly in warm and damp conditions

60
Q

How is Athlete’s Foot prevented?

A

Keep feet clean and dry, don’t share socks/towels/shoes, don’t walk barefoot in public

61
Q

What are symptoms of Athlete’s Foot?

A

Itchy, red and scaly skin, dry skin, blistered and cracked skin between toes

62
Q

Who can’t get Malaria?

A

People with sickle cell anaemia

63
Q

How is Malaria spread?

A
  1. Infected mosquito bites human
  2. Parasite goes to liver within 30 mins
  3. Parasite starts rapidly reproducing in liver
  4. Enters bloodstream and attaches to red blood cells and further reproduction occurs
  5. Infected red blood cells burst and infect other blood cells
  6. Repeating cycle depletes the body of oxygen and causes fever
64
Q

Examples of human defence mechanisms

A

Stomach, Platelets, Mucus, Skin, Tears

65
Q

How is the stomach a defence mechanism?

A

Produces hydrochloric acid that kills bacteria in the mucus you swallow and bacteria in your food/drink

66
Q

How is the skin a defence mechanism?

A

Acts as a barrier, it covers your body. Produces antimicrobial secretions and is covered by microorganisms that act as an extra barrier

67
Q

How are platelets a defence mechanism?

A

If the skin is cut, platelets seal the wound by clotting and drying into a scab

68
Q

How is mucus a defence mechanism?

A

Nose has hairs and goblet cells that produce mucus. The mucus catches microbes and particles which could irritate the lungs. The trachea and bronchi also have mucus and cilia which trap and waft the microbes out of the body

69
Q

How are tears a defence mechanism?

A

Contains lysozyme (an enzyme) that kills bacteria

70
Q

What are physical barriers?

A

Non specific defences - swelling to attract WBCs into tissues and WBCs engulfing bacteria caused by phagocytosis

71
Q

What is Crown Galls?

A

A bacterial disease that infects plants

72
Q

How does Crown Galls spread?

A

Inserts plasma into a plant cell

73
Q

What are insect pests?

A

Vectors of disease that cause damage to plants (can also cause direct damage)

74
Q

What are aphids?

A

An insect pest that have sharp mouths that cut deep into the phloem to feed on the sugar rich sap meaning the plant cells are deprived and plant is damaged and weakened

75
Q

How are aphids killed?

A

Chemical pesticides or by releasing aphid eating insects (e.g. ladybirds) into the environment

76
Q

How can you detect plant diseases?

A

Referencing to a gardening manual/website, taking infected plants to a lab for identification, using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies

77
Q

What are physical plant defence responses?

A

Cellulose cell walls, tough waxy cuticle, tree bark, dropping leaves

78
Q

What are mechanical plant defence responses?

A

Thorns, hairs, mimicry to trick animals

79
Q

What are some non-communicable plant diseases?

A

nitrate deficiencies, magnesium deficiencies, lack of chlorophyll

80
Q

How can deficiencies in plants be treated?

A

Fertilising the soil

81
Q

How does a nitrate deficiency affect plants?

A

Stunted growth

82
Q

How does a magnesium deficiency affect plants?

A

Lack of chlorophyll

83
Q

How does lack of chlorophyll affect plants?

A

Leaves become yellow and growth slows as photosynthesis is occurring

84
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

Damage bacteria and eventually kill them by interfering with its life processes

85
Q

Examples of painkillers

A

Aspirin and paracetamol

86
Q

What do painkillers do?

A

Ease symptoms but don’t have any effect on my the pathogen

87
Q

What is a monoclonal antibody?

A

An antibody that is produced from one type of cell

88
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used?

A

Pregnancy tests and lateral flow tests

89
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies made?

A

Combining lymphocyte cells from mice and cancer cells to form a new type of cell called a hybridoma. These are collected and and purified to make monoclonal antibodies

90
Q

What is a lymphocyte cell?

A

A type of white blood cell

91
Q

How do pregnancy tests work?

A
  1. In the reaction zone, the absorbent fibres have been impregnated with an antibody that attaches itself to hcG and only hcG
  2. As urine moves along the strip it carries the antibodies (which are now attached to hcG) to the test zone. This area contains a chemical that reacts with the antibodies from the reaction zone but only if they are attached to hcG
  3. The urine moves to the control zone which contains a chemical that reacts with the antibodies regardless of whether or not they have hcG attached to them. A dye is released and a line appears on the strip. If only the control line appears you’re probably not pregnant however if both lines appear then you’re most likely pregnant
92
Q

How do diseases spread by water?

A

Fungal spores carried in water spread plant diseases

Drinking water containing sewage causes human diseases

93
Q

Examples of water-born diseases

A

Cholera, salmonellosis

94
Q

How does HIV develop into AIDS?

A

By damaging the immune system

95
Q

What is salmonella also known as?

A

Food poisoning

96
Q

How can malaria be prevented?

A

Insecticides, long sleeved clothes, mosquito nets, vaccines, antimalarial drugs

97
Q

How is Rose Black Spot spreaded?

A

Through wind and water

Biology GCSE (8 decks)

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