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Biology GCSE > Hormonal Coordination > Flashcards

Hormonal Coordination Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A system made up of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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2
Q

What controls all endocrine glands?

A

The pituitary gland

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3
Q

What does the hormones secreted from the Pituitary gland do?

A

Growth in kids, stimulates glands

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4
Q

What does the hormones secreted from the Thyroid do?

A

Controls metabolic rate of body

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5
Q

What does the hormones secreted from the Pancreas do?

A

Secretes insulin to control blood glucose concentration

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6
Q

What does the hormones secreted from the Adrenal gland do?

A

Prepares body for stressful situations

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7
Q

What does the hormones secreted from the Ovaries do?

A

Controls eggs and periods

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8
Q

What does the hormones secreted from the Testes do?

A

Controls sperm production

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9
Q

What happens if you have Type 1 Diabetes?

A

Your pancreas does not make enough/any insulin

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10
Q

What are symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes?

A

Feeling thirsty all the time, fatigue, lack of energy, lose weight

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11
Q

When does Type 1 Diabetes usually start?

A

In young children and teenagers

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12
Q

Is Type 1 Diabetes genetic?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What Type 2 Diabetes caused by?

A

Obesity and/or lack of exercise

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14
Q

Is Type 2 Diabetes genetic?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What happens when you have Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Pancreas still makes insulin but cells stop responding properly

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16
Q

What is insulin?

A

A hormone released by the pancreas to maintain the body’s blood glucose levels

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17
Q

What is glucose?

A

The sugar used in respiration

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18
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Storage carbohydrate found in the liver and muscles

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19
Q

What is glucagon?

A

Hormone that stimulates the liver to breakdown glycogen to glucose

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20
Q

How is Type 1 Diabetes treated?

A

Insulin injections, balanced diet, regular meals, carefully planned exercise, pancreas transplants

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21
Q

How can you treat Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Balanced diet, losing weight, regular exercise

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22
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Biological mechanism that helps keep conditions to their optimum levels

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23
Q

What is Adrenaline produced from?

A

Adrenal gland

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24
Q

What happens when Adrenaline is secreted?

A

Heart rate increases, glycogen released from liver for respiration, pupils dilate, blood moves away from digestive system

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25
Q

Where is Thyroxine secreted from?

A

Thyroid

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26
Q

What maintains Thyroxine levels?

A

Pituitary gland releasing Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

27
Q

If Thyroxine levels get too high what happens?

A

Less TSH is produced

28
Q

If Thyroxine levels get too low what happens?

A

More TSH is produced

29
Q

What hormones do the testes produce?

A

Testosterone

30
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Make male secondary sexual characteristics develop

31
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

32
Q

What do oestrogen and progesterone do?

A

Make female secondary sexual characteristics develop, involved in fertility and menstrual cycle

33
Q

What changes do males experience during puberty?

A

Deeper voice, pubic hair, sexual organs get bigger, growth spurt, broader shoulders

34
Q

What changes do females experience during puberty?

A

Develop breasts, growth spurt, menstrual cycle, wider hips, pubic hair

35
Q

In females what hormones does the pituitary gland release that are involved in fertility?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH)

36
Q

What hormones need to be released in order for a female to start her period?

A

FSH and LH

37
Q

What is menstruation?

A

When the soft lining of the uterus is released through the vagina after the egg released is not fertilised

38
Q

What happens on day 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Uterus lining is at its thinnest as old egg leaves body during menstruation

39
Q

What happens on day 2 of the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH is released and new egg is matured due to FSH. FSH triggers ovaries to release oestrogen

40
Q

What happens on day 5-14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Oestrogen causes FSH to stop being released, and LH is starting to be released, lining of uterus thickens, LH peaks and oestrogen stops and this causes ovulation

41
Q

What happens on day 12-16 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovulation occurs and uterus lining is at its thickest, progesterone maintains lining of the utuerus

42
Q

What happens on day 20-22 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Matured egg is now in the uterus waiting to be fertilised. If egg is not fertilised then the cycle starts again

43
Q

When are women most fertile?

A

During ovulation

44
Q

What does contraception do?

A

Prevents an egg being fertilised by sperm

45
Q

What are examples of barrier contraception methods?

A

Condoms, diaphragm, cervical cap, sponge

46
Q

What are examples of suppressing contraception methods?

A

The pill, the vaginal ring, the patch, IUD

47
Q

What happens when hormonal contraceptives are taken?

A

Release of FSH and LH are suppressed to prevent ovulation

48
Q

What are side effects of hormonal contraceptives?

A

Thick sticky mucus in the cervix, headaches, breast cancer, blood clotting

49
Q

What are spermicides?

A

Chemicals that kill/disable sperm

50
Q

What are condoms?

A

Thin latex sheath placed over the penis during sex to prevent pregnancy

51
Q

What is a diaphragm?

A

A type of contraceptive made of thin rubber that is placed over cervix before sex

52
Q

What is the rhythm method?

A

Where a female tracks her cycle and doesn’t have sex when ovulating - not very effective

53
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

When people are surgically sterilised. In men, sperm ducts are cut and tied. In women, oviducts are cut and tied l

54
Q

What are causes of infertility?

A

Obesity and anorexia

55
Q

What do you do if a woman’s eggs aren’t maturing or ovulating?

A

Inject artificial FSH and LH

56
Q

What happens in IVF?

A

Women are given hormonal treatment to stimulate egg production and as many eggs as possible are removed. The eggs are then mixed with the man’s sperm in the lab in a culture dish. The embryos are placed in an incubator for 48 hours and then placed into the uterus

57
Q

What is a tropism?

A

A growth in response to a stimulus

58
Q

What are the three types of tropisms?

A

Geotropism, phototropism and hydrotropism

59
Q

What are examples of plant hormones?

A

Auxins, gibberlins, ethene

60
Q

What do roots and shoots respond to?

A

Light, gravity and water

61
Q

What do roots have?

A

Negative phototropism, positive hydrotropism, positive geotropism

62
Q

What do shoots have?

A

Positive phototropism, negative geotropism

63
Q

Why do some plants have bended stems that bend towards the light?

A

If light comes in from the side, auxins go to the shaded side and cause it to grow quicker

64
Q

Why do roots grow downwards?

A

In the roots, auxins gather on the lower half causing the side with less auxins to grow faster

Biology GCSE (8 decks)

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