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biology gcse > Non-Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Non-Communicable Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

When does cancer occur?

A

When cells begin to divide out of control. They form tumours that can sometimes be felt as an unusual lump on the body

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2
Q

What are the types of tumours?

A

Benign and malignant

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3
Q

What are benign tumours?

A

Tumours that don’t invade nearby tissues or spread around the body. They can be serious if they press on vital structures (e.g. blood vessels, nerves)

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4
Q

What are malignant tumours?

A

Tumours that are made up of cells that are out of control. They can invade nearby tissues and spread around the body, as well as take over organs.

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5
Q

What is a tumour?

A

A mass of abnormally growing cells

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6
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Where cells move away from the primary cancer site through the bloodstream or lymphatic system and can be spread to other organs and bones where they continue to grow

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7
Q

What are cancer risk factors?

A

Sunlight exposure, diet, genes, viruses, chronic infections, environmental pollution, alcoholism, obesity, physical activity, breastfeeding, reproductive and menstrual factors, smoking

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8
Q

What are treatments for cancer?

A

Chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy

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9
Q

How does smoking cause cancer?

A

A mutation is formed every 15 cigarettes smoked - a mutation is what causes cancer

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10
Q

How does nicotine affect the body?

A

Produces sensation of a calm wellbeing to cope but it’s extremely addictive

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11
Q

How does carbon monoxide affect the body?

A

Reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells

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12
Q

How does tar affect the body?

A

Black sticky compound that accumulates in the lungs, may cause development of COPD and bronchitis

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13
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

The inflammation and infection of the bronchi

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14
Q

What does COPD stand for?

A

Chronic Obstruction Pulmonary Disease

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15
Q

What does COPD do?

A

Causes aggressive breakdown of alveoli, surface area to volume ratio of lungs is greatly reduced, causes breathlessness

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16
Q

What is the treatment for COPD?

A

No cure

17
Q

What are the implications of smoking?

A

Could normalise smoking, mood swings, yellow fingers, second hand smoke, infertility, cancer, COPD, bronchitis, costs NHS 2 billion pounds per year, smoking while pregnant harms baby, diseases, death

18
Q

What does smoking during pregnancy cause?

A

Premature birth, low birth rate, still birth (around 3500 still births in UK each year, 20% caused by smoking)

19
Q

How does smoking affect the heart?

A

Narrows the blood vessels in your heart, nicotine increases heart rate, other chemicals damage artery lining, increased blood pressure

20
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

A substance that increases the risk of cancer in a living tissue

21
Q

In small amounts how does alcohol affect a person?

A

Makes them calm and cheerful

22
Q

In large amounts what does alcohol do to a person?

A

Lack of self control, unconsciousness, death

23
Q

How does alcohol affect someone?

A

Affects nervous system (e.g. reflexes, reaction time)

24
Q

How is alcohol absorbed?

A

Absorbed through the bloodstream where it reaches the brain and other tissues

25
Q

How is alcohol removed from the body?

A

The liver

26
Q

What are the implications of alcoholism?

A

Liver cancer, cirrhosis/scarring of the liver, brain damage

27
Q

What happens if you drink alcohol when you’re pregnant?

A

Miscarriage, still birth, premature birth, low birth weights, foetal alcohol syndrome

28
Q

What does foetal alcohol syndrome cause?

A

Facial deformities, problems with teeth, jaw, heating, kidney, liver, heart and learning problems

29
Q

Where do two heart drug digitalis originate from?

A

Foxgloves

30
Q

Where does aspirin originate from?

A

Willow

31
Q

What is the process of developing drugs?

A
  1. Test on animal cells and tissues
  2. Test on live animals
  3. Test on healthy volunteers
  4. Test on small number of people with disease
  5. Large trial to establish optimum dose
32
Q

What is a placebo?

A

An inactive substance used in drug trials to compare the effects with the real drug

33
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

Volunteers are split in two, half are given real drug, half given a placebo, neither doctors nor patients know who has what , results are published in a journal

34
Q

What do vaccines do?

A

Put a small amount of inactive pathogen in the body so our white blood cells work out which antibody to use

35
Q

How do vaccines prevent disease?

A

Memory cells allow antibodies that have been made before to be made again quickly

biology gcse (8 decks)

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