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MCD Immunology > organisation of the immune system > Flashcards

organisation of the immune system Flashcards

lymphoid organs: recall the primary and secondary lymphoid organs, summarise their structure, and differentiate between their functions

1
Q

what are the primary lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow, thymus

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2
Q

what is the function of primary lymphoid organs

A

production of lymphocytes (lymphopoiesis)

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3
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid organs

A

spleen, lymph nodes, mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

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4
Q

what is the function of secondary lymphoid organs

A

where lymphocytes can interact with antigen and other lymphocytes

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5
Q

features of thymus

A

bi-lobed, lobules packed with lymphocytes

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6
Q

staining distinction of medulla and cortex of thymus

A

medulla not very stained, cortex very stained

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7
Q

what is the septa divided into in the thymus

A

lobes, then lobules

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8
Q

where do Treg cells develop within the thymus

A

Hassall’s corpuscle (whirl of fibroblasts)

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9
Q

what happens to the thymus during infection

A

no obvious change in appearance

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10
Q

why does thymic output decline with age

A

size decreases, becomes more fatty (same number of cells but reduced specificity, becoming oligoclonal); more memory cells

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11
Q

what is red bone marrow the site of

A

haematopoiesis

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12
Q

what happens in bone marrow during infection

A

white blood cell production increases

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13
Q

what is present in yellow bone marrow

A

fat

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14
Q

where is bone marrow present in foetuses

A

all bones, liver, spleen

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15
Q

characteristic of foetal bone marrow

A

very cellular

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16
Q

where is bone marrow present in adults

A

mostly flat bones, vertebrae, iliac bones, ribs, ends of long limb bones

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17
Q

characteristic of adult bone marrow

A

marrow and fat

18
Q

how much lymph is returned to the superior vena cava each day

A

2-3 litres

19
Q

what do the lymph nodes do

A

filter for antigens in the blood

20
Q

where are the B and T cell areas located in the lymph nodes

A

B cells are outer, T cells are inner

21
Q

what do B lymphocytes aggregate into in lymph nodes

A

follicles

22
Q

what happens to B lymphocytes in lymph nodes during infection

A

rapidly proliferate, forming a germinal centre, swelling the lymph node

23
Q

during immune stimulation of activated B cells in germinal centres of the lymph nodes, how are antigen-specific repertoire of lymphocytes modified

A

somatic mutations

24
Q

what is the function of the spleen

A

filter for antigens in the blood

25
Q

what is the function of the red pulp in the spleen

A

turnover or red blood cells removed through reticulo-endothelial system

26
Q

what is the function of the white pulp in the spleen

A

location of lymphocytes surrounding blood vessels

27
Q

what brings blood into the spleen

A

splenic artery

28
Q

what is the main T cell area in the spleen

A

periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS)

29
Q

what is the main B cell area in the spleen

A

primary follicle

30
Q

what is produced if there is an ongoing immune response in the spleen

A

germinal centres

31
Q

what is the body vulnerable to if there is no spleen

A

encapsulated bacteria

32
Q

why is the epithelium heavily defended

A

large surface area, in some places one cell thick

33
Q

two lymphoid tissues near epithelium

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), cutaneous immune system

34
Q

components of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

A

T and B cell areas, follicles, germinal centres, villi (containing draining lymph vessels), M (microfold) cells, Peyer’s patch

35
Q

function of M cells in epithelium

A

samples antigens from gut and delivers them to lymphocytes in Peyer’s patch

36
Q

what is located in the Peyer’s patch in epithelium

A

predominantly B lymphocytes, contains germinal centres

37
Q

components of cutaneous immune system in epithelium

A

epidermis, dermis

38
Q

what is present in the epidermis of the cutaneous immune system in the epithelium, and what is their function

A

keratinocytes (detect damage to skin), Langerhans cells (type of dendritic cell), intraepidermal lymphocytes

39
Q

what is present in the dermis of the cutaneous immune system in the epithelium

A

T lymphocytes, macrophages, dermal dendritic cells

40
Q

function of cutaneous immune system in epithelium

A

capture antigens in local environment

MCD Immunology (23 decks)

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