organisation of the immune system

Question 1

7 cell types of innate immune system

Answer 1

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes/macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells, natural killer cells

Question 2

function of neutrophils

Answer 2

phagocytosis

Question 3

function of eosinophils

Answer 3

phagocytosis, granule release, defence against parasitic infections, help B cell responses in GALT

Question 4

function of basophils

Answer 4

granule release, acts as APC for Th2

Question 5

function of macrophages

Answer 5

phagocytosis, killing, cytokine release, APC

Question 6

function of mast cells

Answer 6

granule release, pro-inflammatory, vasodilation, phagocytosis

Question 7

function of dendritic cells

Answer 7

APC

Question 8

function of natural killer cells

Answer 8

lysis of infected cells

Question 9

how do neutrophils move from circulation into tissues at site of infection

Answer 9

diapedesis, chemotaxis

Question 10

3 stages of neutrophil vs pathogen

Answer 10

bind (opsonisation), phagocytosis, lysis

Question 11

3 neutrophil killing mechanisms

Answer 11

oxygen-independent, oxygen-dependent, extracellular traps

Question 12

2 types of oxygen-independent neutrophil killing mechanisms

Answer 12

enzymes (lysozyme, hydrolytic), antimicrobial peptides (defensins)

Question 13

2 types of oxygen-dependent neutrophil killing mechanisms

Answer 13

respiratory burst (superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical), reactive nitrogen intermediates (nitric oxide)

Question 14

features of neutrophil extracellular traps

Answer 14

release granule proteins and chromatin to form EC fibres, which trab microbes

Question 15

location of monocytes and macrophages

Answer 15

monocytes in blood mature into macrophages in tissue

Question 16

process of macrophage as APC

Answer 16

expresses receptors for many bacterial constituents → bacteria bind → release of cytokines → engulf and digest → present via MHC II

Question 17

what do mast cells secrete

Answer 17

histamine, cytokines, other inflammatory mediators

Question 18

what type of mast cell are present in lung

Answer 18

mucosal

Question 19

what type of mast cell are present in skin and peritoneal cavity near blood vessels

Answer 19

connective

Question 20

what activates mast cells

Answer 20

complement products such as anaphylatoxins

Question 21

what do dendritic cells secrete

Answer 21

cytokines

Question 22

what do dendritic cells recognise

Answer 22

microbial patterns

Question 23

name of dendritic cells in normal skin

Answer 23

Langerhans

Question 24

what cytokine do natural killer cells secrete

Answer 24

interferon-y

Question 25

what % of natural killer cells are in peripheral blood

Answer 25

5-10%

Question 26

what receptors are present on natural killer cells

Answer 26

activating, inhibitory, ones which bind to antibody-coated cells, no antigen-specific

Question 27

what is the name given to killing cells using receptors which bind to antibody-coated cells on natural killer cells

Answer 27

antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Question 28

what 2 things are natural killer cells important in the defence against

Answer 28

tumour cells, viral infections

Question 29

target cell recognition: principle feature of self-recognition

Answer 29

leaves target cell alone (ligation of inhibitory NK receptors)

Question 30

target cell recognition: principle feature of missing and induced self

Answer 30

sense loss of MHC class I expression (ligation of activating NK receptors) and lyse target cell

Question 31

cell types of adaptive immune system

Answer 31

lymphocytes, basophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, natural killer cells

Question 32

what % of circulating leukocytes are lymphocytes

Answer 32

20-40%

Question 33

what % of lymphocytes are present in lymph cells

Answer 33

99%