Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cell wall made out of?

A

Cellulose

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2
Q

what does the vacuole contain?

A

Cell sap

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3
Q

Name the single

celled organisms which produce the enzymes for bread making

A

Yeast

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4
Q

Where does Amylase work

A

Amylase works in the Mouth and Small Intestine

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5
Q

What is amylase involved in the digestion of

A

Starch to Glucose

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6
Q

Where does lipase work

A

Small Intestine

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7
Q

What is amylase involved in the digestion of

A

starch into sugars/glucose

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8
Q

Where does Protease Work

A

Small Intestine and Stomach

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9
Q

what is protease involved in the digestion of

A

Proteins into amino acids

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10
Q

Which gland produces all enzymes (lipase protease and amylase)

A

Pancreas

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11
Q

Describe the roles of the liver and the pancreas in the digestion
of fats.

A

The pancreas produces lipase which breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. The liver produces bile which neutralises the acids which gives the most effective pH for the enzyme to work. Bile emulsifies Fats increasing the surface area for lipase.

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12
Q

what are enzymes

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts

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13
Q

Explain why enzymes are used in industry.

A

Brings about reactions at lower temperatures
Lower pressures
less expensive process

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14
Q

what do platelets do

A

platelets clot the blood at the site of the cut

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15
Q

a ventricle fills with blood by the contraction of ……

A

an atrium

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16
Q

when a ventricle contracts blood is forced into……

A

an artery

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17
Q

When a ventricle relaxes, the backflow of blood into it is prevented by the closing of

A

semi lunar valve

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18
Q

what is the red pigment found in red blood cells

A

haemoglobin

19
Q

what is the function of the haemoglobin

A

carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

20
Q

Describe one other way in which the structure of a red blood cell is different from the structure of a white blood cell.

A

red blood cells have bioconcave discs

21
Q

State the name of the blood vessel that brings blood from the legs to the right side of the heart.

A

vena cava

22
Q

Suggest two risk factors for coronary heart disease.

A

Smoking and high fat diet

23
Q

Name the cells which control the size of the stomata

A

Guard Cells

24
Q

Give one function of stomata.

A

allows carbon dioxide to enter

25
Q

function of plasma

A

Transports the products of digestion

26
Q

substances transported by the xylem

A

Water and Minerals

27
Q

What is translocation

A

movement of dissolved sugar

28
Q

Explain why translocation is important to plants.

A

sugars are made in the leaves (therefore) they need to be moved to other parts of the plant for respiration

29
Q

Explain why active transport is necessary in root hair cells

A

for movement of minerals / ions against their concentration gradient

30
Q

In a double blind drug trial, only some people know which patients have been given the drug. Who knows which patients have been given the drug?

A

Only scientists at the drug company

31
Q

All enzymes are made of the same type of substance. What is this substance?

A

protein

32
Q

Name
two
other substances transported in the blood plasma

A
carbon dioxide 
water
glucose
amino acids
lactic acid
33
Q

Explain why

having more red blood cells per cm3 of blood is an advantage to an athlete

A
more haemoglobin 
(therefore) more oxygen can be 
carried / transported
(for) more (aerobic) respiration 
of muscle (cells)
34
Q

what two blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood

A

pulmonary artery

vena cava

35
Q

Compare the structure of an artery with the structure of a vein.

A

arteries have a thicker layer of muscle
arteries have a narrower lumen
arteries do not have valves

36
Q

Describe how a student
could test cow’s milk to show whether it contains protein and
different types of carbohydrate.

A

Biuret reagent- tests for protein
add Biuret reagent to milk
solution will turn (from blue) to lilac if positive

iodine solution tests for starch
add iodine solution to milk
solution will turn (from orange / brown) to blue / black if positive

Benedict’s reagent tests for sugars
add Benedict’s reagent to milk and boil / heat (allow any
temperature above 60 °C)
solution will turn (from blue) to (brick) red / brown / orange /
yellow / green if positive

37
Q

Explain why the indicator

in both tubes became colourless

A
lipase breaks down fat into fatty 
acids (and glycerol)
(and) fatty acids lower the pH
(and when) fatty acids cause the 
pH to be below 10 (the indicator 
becomes colourless
38
Q

examples of diffusion

A

diffusion of oxygen and glucose into the cells of the body from the bloodstream
diffusion of carbon dioxide into plant cells

39
Q

where is amylase produced

A

salivary glands
pancreas
small intestine

40
Q

where is protease produced

A

stomach
pancreas
small intestine

41
Q

where is lipase produced

A

pancreas

small intestine

42
Q

The human lungs provide an exchange surface adapted for:

A

absorbing oxygen – needed for respiration – into the blood from the air
transferring carbon dioxide – produced by respiration – from the blood into the lungs then the air

43
Q

Gaseous exchange

A

The exchange of gases occurs between the alveoli and blood in the capillaries that supply the lungs. Capillaries cover 70% of the outside of alveoli, providing a large surface area for gases to diffuse across.

44
Q

how are the alveoli adapted to provide a very large surface area for gaseous exchange:

A

small size - each alveolus is a small sphere about 300 μm in diameter, giving it a larger surface area to volume ratio than larger structures
number - there are around 700 million alveoli – ie 350 million per lung