INHERITANCE, VARIATION AND EVOLUTION

Question 1

DOES ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION INVOLE the fusion of gametes?

Answer 1

NO

Question 2

what type of offspring is linked with asexual reproduction

Answer 2

genetically identical to the parent

Question 3

how many parents are involved in asexual reproduction

Answer 3

1 parent

Question 4

is there a lot of variation in asexual reproduction

Answer 4

no there is little variation

Question 5

what are copies produced buy asexual reproduction called

Answer 5

clones

Question 6

what type of cell division is used in asexual reproduction

Answer 6

mitosis

Question 7

what does sexual reproduction involve between gametes

Answer 7

it involves the fusion of gametes

Question 8

in sexual reproduction is there variation in the offspring if there is why

Answer 8

yes because there is a mixing of genetic information

Question 9

what type of cell division is used in sexual reproduction

Answer 9

meiosis

Question 10

what are the sex cells in animals

Answer 10

egg cell and sperm

Question 11

what are the sex cells in plants

Answer 11

egg cells and pollen

Question 12

which type of reproduction leads to variation in the offspring

Answer 12

sexual reproduction

Question 13

advantages to sexual reproduction

Answer 13

produces variation in the offspring

if the environment changes variation helps them to survive through natural selection

Question 14

disadvantages to sexual reproduction

Answer 14

mate is required
it takes time and energy to find a mate
it is slower than asexual reproduction

Question 15

advantages to asexual reproduction

Answer 15

one parent is needed
faster than sexual reproduction
many identical offspring can be produced by mitosis when conditions are favourable
more time and energy efficient as you do not need to find a mate

Question 16

disadvantages to asexual reproduction

Answer 16

offspring are clones so there is little variation

if environmental condtions change the offspring is affected

Question 17

what does mixing of genetic information lead to

Answer 17

variation in the offspring

Question 18

why does sexual reproduction result in variation

Answer 18

because the gametes from each parent fuse, So half the genetic information comes from the father and half from the mother. this mixing of genetic information leads to variation in the offspring

Question 19

what type of cells are produced by meiosis

Answer 19

gametes

Question 20

why is there little variation in offspring produced by asexual reproduction

Answer 20

the offspring are produced by mitosis from one parent

Question 21

how do malaria parasites reproduce

Answer 21

they reproduce sexually in mosquitoes and asexually in their human host

Question 22

how do fungi reproduce

Answer 22

they can reproduce asexually but can also reproduce asexually to give variation

Question 23

what form of reproduction produces seeds in flowering plants

Answer 23

sexual

Question 24

what is DNA

Answer 24

DNA is a polymer with two strands that are twisted in a double helix structure

Question 25

what is a gene

Answer 25

small section of DNA

Question 26

what is a genome

Answer 26

a genome is the entire genetic material of an organism

Question 27

what does each gene code for

Answer 27

a particular sequence of amino acids to make a particular protein

Question 28

what are the four bases attached to a sugar

Answer 28

A C G T

Question 29

name the parts that make up a nucleotide model

Answer 29

phosphate sugar and base

Question 30

what does a section of three bases code for

Answer 30

a particular amino acid

Question 31

what is a mutation

Answer 31

is a change in the order of bases that causes the wrong protein to be made

Question 32

what controls the order in which amino acids are joined together in a protein

Answer 32

the order of bases in the DNA

Question 33

mnemonic to remember the complementary strands in DNA

Answer 33

TIGERS ARE GIANT CATS T & A C & G

Question 34

what are the non coding parts of the genes involved in

Answer 34

involved in switching genes or parts of genes on and off

Question 35

what is an allele

Answer 35

different forms of a gene

Question 36

what is a phenotype

Answer 36

the type of characteristic you have

Question 37

what is a genotype

Answer 37

what genes you have

Question 38

what is meant by the term homozygote

Answer 38

when alleles are the same

Question 39

what is meant by the term heterozygous

Answer 39

when the alleles are different

Question 40

what chromosomes do females have

Answer 40

XX

Question 41

what chromosomes do men have

Answer 41

XY

Question 42

Name a genetic disorder that is caused by a dominant allele

Answer 42

polydactyly

Question 43

name a genetic disorder that is caused by a recessive allele

Answer 43

cystic fibrosis

Question 44

what does embryonic screening involve

Answer 44

it involves tests to diagnose genetic disorders before the baby is born

Question 45

what can embryos be screened for

Answer 45

genetic disorders

Question 46

what causes cystic fibrosis

Answer 46

it is caused by a recessive allele

Question 47

what causes polydactyly

Answer 47

it is caused by a dominant allele

Question 48

can polydactyly be inherited if just one parent carries the defective allele

Answer 48

yes because polydactyly is caused by a dominant allele

Question 49

can cystic fibrosis be inherited if just one parent carries the defective allele

Answer 49

no because cystic fibrosis is caused by a recessive allele, for the child to have the disorder both parents have to have the disorder themselves

Question 50

why wont someone heterozygous for the cystic fibrosis allele have the disorder

Answer 50

because the allele that causes cystic fibrosis is recessive, so you have to have two recessive alleles to have the disorder. Heterozygous people have one dominant and one recessive allele

Question 51

arguments against embryonic screening

Answer 51

it is expensive embryos are created and destroyed- ethical reasons unreliable, false negative could lead to a baby being born with a disorder could be born and a false positive could lead to a healthy pregnancy being terminated

Question 52

arguments for embryonic screening

Answer 52

it will help to stop people suffering treating disorders costs the government a lot of money gives parents a choice

Question 53

explain why offspring produced by asexual reproduction are genetically identical

Answer 53

they only have one parent and the cells divide by mitosis

Question 54

explain why two parents with cystic fibrosis can have a child without the condition

Answer 54

the parents are heterozygous meaning that each parent will carry the recessive gene that causes cystic fibrosis. the child could inherit the recessive gene from each parent and be homozygous recessive

Question 55

compare mitosis and meiosis

Answer 55

mitosis includes one cell division and two daughter cells are formed, in mitosis the number of chromosomes remain the same and the resulting cells are identical to parent cell and each other meiosis includes two cell divisions, four cells are formed, in meiosis the number of chromosomes are halved and the resulting cells are genetically different from parent cell and each other

Question 56

protein synthesis in the cell

Answer 56

1. a gene produces a template, 2. the template leaves the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome 3. a carrier molecule carrying an amino acid attaches to the template in a specific order 4. the amino acids join and the completed protein detaches from the carrier molecules and folds into the final protein shape

Question 57

dominant allele

Answer 57

is awlays expressed even if one copy is present expressed a capital letter eg the allele for brown eyes is dominant , you need only copy of this allele to have brown

Question 58

recessive allele

Answer 58

is only if the individual has two copies and does not have the dominant allele gene lower case eg the allele for blue eyes is recessive, you need two copies of this allele to have blue eyes