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BIOLOGY GCSE > CELL BIOLOGY > Flashcards

CELL BIOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotic cells are (structure and what it includes)

A

complex and include all animal cells

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells are (eg…….)

A

smaller and simpler eg bacteria

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3
Q

Eukaryotes are made up of

A

eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

Prokaryotes are made up of and are

A

prokaryotic cells and are single celled organisms

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5
Q

Role of Nucleus

A

contains genetic material that controls the activities in the cell

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6
Q

Role of Cytoplasm

A

the cytoplasm is a gel like substance where most of the chemical reactions happens, contains enzymes which control these chemical reactions.

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7
Q

Role of Cell Membrane

A

controls the movement of

substances in / out of cell

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8
Q

Role of Mitochondria and what do they do

A

where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration takes place. they release energy

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9
Q

Role of Ribosomes

A

these are where proteins are made in the cell

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10
Q

what are subcellular structures

A

they are the different parts of the cell

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11
Q

what do plant cells have that animal do not

A

cell wall
permanent vacuole
chloroplasts

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12
Q

role of cell wall

A

made of cellulose, it supports the cell and strengthens it

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13
Q

role of permanent vacuole

A

contains cell sap

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14
Q

role of chloroplasts

A
  1. where photosynthesis occurs
  2. which makes food for the plants
  3. they contain chlorophyll
  4. which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis
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15
Q

do bacterial cells have nucleus

A

no they have a single circular strand of DNA that’s floats freely in the cytoplasm

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16
Q

what other subcellular structure does a bacterial cell have that contains DNA

A

PLASMIDS

17
Q

What are light microscopes used for

A

light microscopes use light to form an image and magnify it. they help us see individual cells and large subcellular structures eg. nuclei

18
Q

What are electron microscopes used for

A

electron microscopes use electrons instead of light to form an image.
they have a higher resolution and magnification than a light microscope.
they help us see smaller things in more detail.

19
Q

what is differentiation

A

is the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

20
Q

what happens when cells change ( differentiation)

A

they develop subcellular structures and turn into different types of cells

21
Q

when does most differentiation occur

A

as an organism develops

22
Q

differentiation in animal cells

A

most animal cells lose the ability to differentiate at an early stage after they become specialised

23
Q

differentiation in plant cells

A

lots of plant cells do not lose the ability to differentiate

24
Q

what are the cells that differentiate in mature animals used for?

A

they are used for repairing and replacing cells

25
Q

what are sperm cells specialised for and how are they adapted?

A

Specialised for reproduction:
FUNCTION-TO GET MALE DNA TO THE FEMALE DNA
1. long tail and a streamlined head to help it swim to the egg
2. lots of mitochondria in the cell to provide energy needed.
3. carries lots on enzymes in its head to digest through the eggs cell membrane

26
Q

what are nerve cells specialised for and how are they adapted

A

Specialised for Rapid signalling:
FUNCTION-they carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another

2.they are long and have branched connections at their ends, to connect other nerve cells and form a network throughout the body.

27
Q

what are muscle cells specialised for and how are they adapted

A

Specialised for contraction
FUNCTION- TO CONTRACT QUICKLY
1. They are long so they have space to contract
2. They contain lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for contraction

28
Q

what are root hair cells specialised for and how are they adapted

A

Specialised for absorbing Water and Minerals.
Root hair cells are cells on the surface of plant roots
1. grow into long hairs that stick into the soil- this gives the plant a large SA for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil.

29
Q

what are phloem and xylem cells specialised for and how are they adapted

A

Specialised for Transporting Substances
phloem and xylem cells form tubes which transport substances eg food and water around the plant.
xylem cells are hollow in the centre and transport water and minerals upwards
phloem cells have very few subcellular structures so substances can flow through they transport Products of photosynthesis; includes sugars and amino acids dissolved in water

30
Q

chromosomes

A

coiled up lengths of DNA molecules

each chromosome carries a large number of genes -different genes control development of different characteristics

31
Q

the events of the cell cycle that need to occur before mitosis begins

A
  1. in a cell that’s not dividing dna is all spread out in long strings
  2. before a cell divides the cell has to grow and increase the amount of sub cellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes
  3. It then duplicates its DNA- so theres one copy for each new cell.
32
Q

mitosis

A

can occur when the its contents and dna have been copied
chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell and cell fibres pull them apart, the two arms of each chromosome go to the opposite ends of the cell
membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes-these become nuclei of the two new cells
lastly the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide- the cell has now produced two new daughter cells,

33
Q

binary fission

A

the way prokaryotic cells replicate:
the circular DNA and plasmids replicate
the cell gets bigger and the circular DNA strands move to opposite ends of the cell
the cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell wall begin to form.
the cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are produced.
each daughter cell has one copy of the circular DNA but can have a variable number of copies of the plasmids

34
Q

conditions that affect binary fission

A

warm environment

lots of nutrients

35
Q

differentiation

A

is the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

36
Q

what are undifferentiated cells

A

these are called stem cells, they can divide to produce lots more undifferentiated cells. They can differentiate into different types of cells depending on the instructions given

37
Q

where are stem cells found

A

in early human embryos

38
Q

where are adult stem cells found

A

bone marrow

these stem cells cannot turn into any cell

39
Q

what can stem cells be used for in medicine

A

stem cells can be grown in the lab to form clones and can be made to differentiate into specialised cells to use in medicine or research

BIOLOGY GCSE (15 decks)

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