Organisation Flashcards
Digestive Enzyme: Amylase
Where released?
Breakdown what?
Salivary glands and pancreas
Carbohydrates into simple sugars
Digestive Enzyme: Protease
Where released?
Breakdown what?
Stomach and pancreas
Proteins into amino acids
Digestive Enzyme: Lipase
Where released?
Breakdown what?
Pancreas
Fats and oils (lipids) into fatty acids and glycerol
What biological molecule are enzymes made of?
Proteins
What is a substrate?
Substance (chemical) that the enzyme acts on.
What are the products of digestion used for in the body?
What are the products of digestion used for in the body? They are used to build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in the body. Glucose is used in respiration.
What does denatured mean?
That the active site of the enzyme has changed shape so the substrate cannot fit.
What is a double circulatory system?
Where blood from the heart is
pumped to the lungs and the body at the same time.
What is a pacemaker?
A group of cells in the right atrium that controls
the heart rate.
What is the role of the coronary arteries?
To supply oxygenated blood
to the heart muscle.
Where does the left atrium pump blood to?
To the left ventricle.
Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?
In the alveoli.
Name the gas that moves from the blood into the lungs.
Carbon dioxide.
Name the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
Arteries.
Which blood vessels are only one cell thick?
Capillaries.
Which blood vessels have thick muscular walls?
Arteries
Which blood vessels have valves?
Veins.
What is plasma?
The pale yellow fluid part of blood, it transports
cells, CO2, hormones and waste.
What is the role of a red blood cell?
To carry oxygen around the body.
In what two ways can white blood cells fight infection?
They can produce antibodies that destroy microbes or they can engulf microbes.
What is the role of platelets?
They form clots to reduce bleeding.
What is coronary heart disease?
Where layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries narrowing them.
What are the risk factors for coronary heart disease?
Smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and not enough exercise.
What is a stent?
A metal cylinder grid that is inserted into an artery to keep the artery open.
What are statins?
Drugs that reduce the harmful cholesterol in the blood.
What is the role of heart valves?
To stop the blood in the heart from flowing in the wrong direction.
Give two faults that can occur with heart valves.
They may not open fully or develop a leak.
What treatment can be given to a person with faulty heart valves?
They can have their heart valves replaced (biological or mechanical).
Name three conditions that can lead to heart failure.
Atherosclerosis (CHD), cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease (born with it).
Name 4 ways that different types of disease can interact to make a person ill.
Defects in the immune system, viruses that can trigger cancer, immune reactions caused by pathogens, physical ill health.
List some human costs of non-communicable diseases
Lower quality of life, shorter life span.
List some financial costs of non-communicable diseases
Healthcare costs, reduced income, buying of specialist equipment.
How does alcohol cause liver disease?
It causes the liver to become fatty and this can lead to cirrhosis.
What does alcohol damage in the brain?
It damages the nerve cells and the brain mass may shrink.
What is COPD?
A group of lung diseases that narrow airways making it difficult for people to move air in and out of the lungs.
Give two examples of COPD.
Bronchitis and emphysema.
What is a carcinogen?
A substance that can cause cancer.
How can carcinogens cause cancer?
They damage DNA or speed up cell division and increase the chance of a mutation occurring.
What is a tumour?
A mass of cells caused by uncontrolled cell growth.
What is translocation?
The movement of dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage.
