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Biology GCSE > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Digestive Enzyme: Amylase

Where released?

Breakdown what?

A

Salivary glands and pancreas

Carbohydrates into simple sugars

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2
Q

Digestive Enzyme: Protease

Where released?

Breakdown what?

A

Stomach and pancreas

Proteins into amino acids

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3
Q

Digestive Enzyme: Lipase

Where released?

Breakdown what?

A

Pancreas

Fats and oils (lipids) into fatty acids and glycerol

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4
Q

What biological molecule are enzymes made of?

A

Proteins

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5
Q

What is a substrate?

A

Substance (chemical) that the enzyme acts on.

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6
Q

What are the products of digestion used for in the body?

A

What are the products of digestion used for in the body? They are used to build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in the body. Glucose is used in respiration.

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7
Q

What does denatured mean?

A

That the active site of the enzyme has changed shape so the substrate cannot fit.

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8
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

Where blood from the heart is

pumped to the lungs and the body at the same time.

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9
Q

What is a pacemaker?

A

A group of cells in the right atrium that controls

the heart rate.

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10
Q

What is the role of the coronary arteries?

A

To supply oxygenated blood

to the heart muscle.

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11
Q

Where does the left atrium pump blood to?

A

To the left ventricle.

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12
Q

Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?

A

In the alveoli.

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13
Q

Name the gas that moves from the blood into the lungs.

A

Carbon dioxide.

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14
Q

Name the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

A

Arteries.

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15
Q

Which blood vessels are only one cell thick?

A

Capillaries.

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16
Q

Which blood vessels have thick muscular walls?

A

Arteries

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17
Q

Which blood vessels have valves?

A

Veins.

18
Q

What is plasma?

A

The pale yellow fluid part of blood, it transports

cells, CO2, hormones and waste.

19
Q

What is the role of a red blood cell?

A

To carry oxygen around the body.

20
Q

In what two ways can white blood cells fight infection?

A

They can produce antibodies that destroy microbes or they can engulf microbes.

21
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A

They form clots to reduce bleeding.

22
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

Where layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries narrowing them.

23
Q

What are the risk factors for coronary heart disease?

A

Smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and not enough exercise.

24
Q

What is a stent?

A

A metal cylinder grid that is inserted into an artery to keep the artery open.

25
Q

What are statins?

A

Drugs that reduce the harmful cholesterol in the blood.

26
Q

What is the role of heart valves?

A

To stop the blood in the heart from flowing in the wrong direction.

27
Q

Give two faults that can occur with heart valves.

A

They may not open fully or develop a leak.

28
Q

What treatment can be given to a person with faulty heart valves?

A

They can have their heart valves replaced (biological or mechanical).

29
Q

Name three conditions that can lead to heart failure.

A

Atherosclerosis (CHD), cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease (born with it).

30
Q

Name 4 ways that different types of disease can interact to make a person ill.

A

Defects in the immune system, viruses that can trigger cancer, immune reactions caused by pathogens, physical ill health.

31
Q

List some human costs of non-communicable diseases

A

Lower quality of life, shorter life span.

32
Q

List some financial costs of non-communicable diseases

A

Healthcare costs, reduced income, buying of specialist equipment.

33
Q

How does alcohol cause liver disease?

A

It causes the liver to become fatty and this can lead to cirrhosis.

34
Q

What does alcohol damage in the brain?

A

It damages the nerve cells and the brain mass may shrink.

35
Q

What is COPD?

A

A group of lung diseases that narrow airways making it difficult for people to move air in and out of the lungs.

36
Q

Give two examples of COPD.

A

Bronchitis and emphysema.

37
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

A substance that can cause cancer.

38
Q

How can carcinogens cause cancer?

A

They damage DNA or speed up cell division and increase the chance of a mutation occurring.

39
Q

What is a tumour?

A

A mass of cells caused by uncontrolled cell growth.

40
Q

What is translocation?

A

The movement of dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage.

Biology GCSE (25 decks)

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