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Biology GCSE > Infection & Response WPS 2017 > Flashcards

Infection & Response WPS 2017 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that causes infectious disease

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2
Q

What are the four types of pathogens?

A

Fungi, protists, bacteria, viruses

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3
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

They take over a host cell by injecting their own DNA. The host cell makes virus parts until it bursts and is destroyed.

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4
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

By splitting in half. This is called binary fission.

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5
Q

How do viruses make us feel sick?

A

They destroy our cells.

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6
Q

How do bacteria make us feel sick?

A

They reproduce rapidly and release toxins.

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7
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

Kill bacteria or stop them from reproducing.

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8
Q

What is gonorrhoea caused by?

A

A bacterium.

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9
Q

What is Salmonella caused by?

A

A bacterium.

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10
Q

What is rose black spot caused by?

A

A fungus.

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11
Q

What is malaria caused by?

A

A protist.

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12
Q

Name 4 ways our body stops pathogens from entering our bloodstream.

A

Skin, nose hair, ciliated cells in the windpipe, acid in the stomach.

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13
Q

What three ways can the white blood cells defend against pathogens?

A

Phagocytosis, producing antitoxins, producing antibodies.

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14
Q

What type of cell is involved in defense?

A

White blood cells.

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15
Q

What three things can antibodies do to destroy pathogens?

A

Make pathogens stick together, destroy pathogens, mark cells to be destroyed.

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16
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

White blood cells engulf pathogens and destroy them.

17
Q

How do our bodies identify pathogens?

A

Chemicals on the surface of the pathogen, called antigens.

18
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

Dead or damaged pathogens are injected into the body, the white blood cells make a specific antibody based on the antigens on the pathogen. When the living pathogen enters the body the white blood cells can make the correct antibodies very quickly to destroy the pathogens before they make you sick.

19
Q

What are antibiotics used to treat?

A

Infections caused by bacteria.

20
Q

Why is it difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses?

A

Since viruses reproduce inside our cells, virus drugs might damage our cells too.

21
Q

What do painkillers do?

A

They relieve the symptoms of an infection but do not kill the pathogen.

22
Q

List the steps in developing new drugs.

A
  1. Drugs are tested on human cells to check if they are toxic.
  2. Drugs are tested on animals to check if they are toxic.
  3. Drugs are tested on healthy humans to check if they have side effects.
  4. Drugs are tested on infected people to check if they work.
23
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A pill that does not contain any of the medication.

24
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

A drug trial where the doctors and patients do not know who is getting the medicine and who is getting the placebo.

25
Q

What was penicillin first made by?

A

A mould.

26
Q

Where did the drug used in digitalis come from?

A

Foxgloves.

27
Q

Where did the drug used in aspirin come from?

A

Willow.

Biology GCSE (25 decks)

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