Organisation Flashcards
What are the 4 components of the blood?
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells
- Platelets
- Plasma
What is the role of the red blood cell?
Transporting oxygen around the body in the form of oxyhemoglobin.
How are the red blood cells adapted?
- No nucleus: more space for hemoglobin
- Large surface area: increased rate of diffusion
What is the role of the white blood cell?
Destroying pathogens.
What is the role of the platelets?
Help to form clots.
What is the role of the plasma?
Transports dissolved substances around the body, and distribute heat.
What is transported in the plasma?
Carbon dioxide, hormones, digested food molecules and urea
What is the structure of arterys?
- No valves
- High pressure
- Thick walls
- Narrow lumen
What is the structure of veins?
- Valves
- Low pressure
- Thin walls
- Wide lumen
What is the structure of capilleries?
- One cell thick walls
- Very narrow lumen
What is the pH of the mouth, stomach, and small intestine?
Mouth: pH7
Stomach: pH1-2
Small intestine: pH9-10
What enzymes are produced in the salivary glands?
Carbohydrase enzymes
What enzymes are produced in the stomach?
Protease enzymes
What enzymes are produced in the small intestine?
Protease, and carbohydrase.
What enzymes are produced in the pancreas?
Lipase, protease, and carbohydrase
What is the role of the HCl in the stomach?
- Provides correct conditions for the enzyme
- Kills bacteria
What is the role of bile?
- Neutralizes the hydrochloric acid form the stomach
- Emulsify fats
What causes coronary heart disease?
Cholesterol builds up in the blood vessel, this increases pressure, so there in a risk of blockage or bursting. This prevents oxygen from reaching the heart and can cause a heart attack.
What are the treatments for heart disease?
- Statins
- Stents
- Transplants
What are the problems with heart transplants?
- Long waiting lists
- Complications
- Risk of infection
- Drugs weaken immune system
What are the two types of valve replacement, snd the issues with them?
Mechanical:
- Drugs used to thin the blood and prevent clots
Biological:
- Lasts around 15 years
- Drugs to suppress the immune system
What is cancer?
Rapid and uncontrolled cell division
What is the structure of a leaf?
Waxy cuticle
Upper epidermis
Palisade layer
Spongy mesophyll layer
Lower epidermis
Guard cells and stomata
What piece of equipment is used to measure water taken up by a plant?
A potometer.
What 4 factors effect the rate of transpiration?
- Light intensity
- Temperature
- Humidity
- Wind
What is the test for protein?
Biuret solution
Colour change from blue to purple
What is the test for starch?
Iodine solution
Colour change from brown to blue/black
What is the test for glucose?
Benedicts solution
Colour change from blue to green, orange, brick red
What are lipids broken down into?
Fatty acids and glycerol
What are proteins broken down into?
Amino acids
What is starch broken down into?
Glucose
Where does the pulmonary artery lead to?
To the lungs.
Where does the aorta lead to?
The body.
Where are the pacemaker cells located?
Right atrium.
What is a carcinogen?
Something that causes cancer.
What chemicals are found in cigarette smoke?
- Carcinogens
- Tar
- Irritant gasses
- Carbon monoxide
- Nicotine
