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Biology > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 components of the blood?

A
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
  • Plasma
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2
Q

What is the role of the red blood cell?

A

Transporting oxygen around the body in the form of oxyhemoglobin.

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3
Q

How are the red blood cells adapted?

A
  • No nucleus: more space for hemoglobin
  • Large surface area: increased rate of diffusion
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4
Q

What is the role of the white blood cell?

A

Destroying pathogens.

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5
Q

What is the role of the platelets?

A

Help to form clots.

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6
Q

What is the role of the plasma?

A

Transports dissolved substances around the body, and distribute heat.

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7
Q

What is transported in the plasma?

A

Carbon dioxide, hormones, digested food molecules and urea

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8
Q

What is the structure of arterys?

A
  • No valves
  • High pressure
  • Thick walls
  • Narrow lumen
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9
Q

What is the structure of veins?

A
  • Valves
  • Low pressure
  • Thin walls
  • Wide lumen
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10
Q

What is the structure of capilleries?

A
  • One cell thick walls
  • Very narrow lumen
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11
Q

What is the pH of the mouth, stomach, and small intestine?

A

Mouth: pH7
Stomach: pH1-2
Small intestine: pH9-10

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12
Q

What enzymes are produced in the salivary glands?

A

Carbohydrase enzymes

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13
Q

What enzymes are produced in the stomach?

A

Protease enzymes

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14
Q

What enzymes are produced in the small intestine?

A

Protease, and carbohydrase.

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15
Q

What enzymes are produced in the pancreas?

A

Lipase, protease, and carbohydrase

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16
Q

What is the role of the HCl in the stomach?

A
  • Provides correct conditions for the enzyme
  • Kills bacteria
17
Q

What is the role of bile?

A
  • Neutralizes the hydrochloric acid form the stomach
  • Emulsify fats
18
Q

What causes coronary heart disease?

A

Cholesterol builds up in the blood vessel, this increases pressure, so there in a risk of blockage or bursting. This prevents oxygen from reaching the heart and can cause a heart attack.

19
Q

What are the treatments for heart disease?

A
  • Statins
  • Stents
  • Transplants
20
Q

What are the problems with heart transplants?

A
  • Long waiting lists
  • Complications
  • Risk of infection
  • Drugs weaken immune system
21
Q

What are the two types of valve replacement, snd the issues with them?

A

Mechanical:
- Drugs used to thin the blood and prevent clots
Biological:
- Lasts around 15 years
- Drugs to suppress the immune system

22
Q

What is cancer?

A

Rapid and uncontrolled cell division

23
Q

What is the structure of a leaf?

A

Waxy cuticle
Upper epidermis
Palisade layer
Spongy mesophyll layer
Lower epidermis
Guard cells and stomata

24
Q

What piece of equipment is used to measure water taken up by a plant?

A

A potometer.

25
Q

What 4 factors effect the rate of transpiration?

A
  • Light intensity
  • Temperature
  • Humidity
  • Wind
26
Q

What is the test for protein?

A

Biuret solution
Colour change from blue to purple

27
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Iodine solution
Colour change from brown to blue/black

28
Q

What is the test for glucose?

A

Benedicts solution
Colour change from blue to green, orange, brick red

29
Q

What are lipids broken down into?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

30
Q

What are proteins broken down into?

A

Amino acids

31
Q

What is starch broken down into?

A

Glucose

32
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery lead to?

A

To the lungs.

33
Q

Where does the aorta lead to?

A

The body.

34
Q

Where are the pacemaker cells located?

A

Right atrium.

35
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

Something that causes cancer.

36
Q

What chemicals are found in cigarette smoke?

A
  • Carcinogens
  • Tar
  • Irritant gasses
  • Carbon monoxide
  • Nicotine

Biology (7 decks)

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