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Biology > Homeostasis and Response > Flashcards

Homeostasis and Response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment.

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2
Q

What is a receptor?

A

A specialised cell which creates an electrical impulse when stimulated.

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3
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

An automatic action, doesn’t involve thought.

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4
Q

What is the purpose of reflex actions?

A

To protect from danger.

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5
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A gap between two neurons.

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6
Q

How do electrical impulses move across synapses?

A

The impulse stimulates the release of a chemical which diffuses across the gap, then converted back into an electrical impulse.

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7
Q

What happens in a reflex arc?

A
  • Receptor detects stimulus
  • Impulse travels through sensory neuron
  • Relay neuron
  • Motor neuron
  • Response is carried out by effector
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8
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex?

A

Conscious activities
(intelligence, memory, language)

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9
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

Unconscious activities
(controlling heart rate and breathing)

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10
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Movement and balence

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11
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Controlling body temperature

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12
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

Controls body systems through hormones

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13
Q

What are the 3 methods that have been used to study the brain?

A
  1. Studying brain injuries
  2. MRI scans
  3. electrically stimulating parts of the brain
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14
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Controls the amount of light entering the eye (made of muscle).

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15
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

Focuses light on the retina.

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16
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

Refracting light.

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17
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

Contains light sensitive cells, which create an electrical impulse.

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18
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve?

A

carries electrical impulses to the brain.

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19
Q

How do muscles in the eye make the pupil smaller?

A
  • Radial muscles relax
  • Circular muscles contract
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20
Q

How do muscles in the eye make the pupil larger?

A
  • Radial muscles contract
  • Circular muscles relax
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21
Q

How does the eye focus on a distant object?

A
  • Ciliary muscles are relaxed
  • Suspensory ligaments are pulled tight
  • The lens is thin
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22
Q

How does the eye focus on a nearby object?

A
  • Ciliary muscles are contracted
  • Suspensory ligaments are relaxed
  • The lens is thick
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23
Q

What is myopia and how is it treated?

A
  • Short-sightedness
  • Where the light converges before the retina
  • Concave lenses
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24
Q

What is hyperopia and how is it treated?

A
  • Long-sightedness
  • Where the light would converge after the retina
  • Convex lenses
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25
Q

How does the body respond to cold conditions?

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Shivering
  • Hairs stand up
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26
Q

How does the body respond to hot conditions?

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Sweating
  • Hairs lie flat
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27
Q

What is a gland?

A

An organ that releases a chemical
(hormone/enzyme)

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28
Q

What is the effect of insulin?

A

Glucose in converted to glycogen which is then stored in the liver and muscles.

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29
Q

What is the effect of glucagon?

A

Causes glycogen stored in the liver to converted into glucose and released into the blood stream.

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30
Q

What is the cause of type 1 diabetes?

A

The pancreas stopping insulin and glucagon production.

31
Q

What is the cause of type 2 diabetes?

A

Cells becoming resistant to insulin as a result of obesity, poor diet, or lack of exercise.

32
Q

How is water removed from the body?

A
  • Through breathing
  • Sweat
  • Urine
33
Q

How are ions removed from the body?

A
  • Sweat
  • Urine
34
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

Equal concentrations of ions and solutes inside and outside of a cell.

35
Q

What is an hypotonic solution?

A

Lower concentration of ions and solutes in the solution.

36
Q

What is an hypertonic solution?

A

Higher concentration of ions and solutes in the solution.

37
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

Water diffuses into the cell and it bursts.

38
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

Water diffuses out of the cell and it shrivels.

39
Q

Can amino acids be stored in the body?

A

No. Excess amino acids are removed.

40
Q

What happens to excess amino acids in the body?

A

In the liver:
- Deamminated (forming ammonia)
- Converted to urea
- Released into the blood
In the kidney:
- Filtered out of blood
- Passed to the bladder

41
Q

What is initially filtered out of the blood in the kidneys

A
  • Sugar
  • Amino acids
  • Ions
  • Urea
  • Water
42
Q

What is reabsorbed into the blood in the kidneys?

A
  • All sugar
  • Some water
  • Some ions
43
Q

What is in urine?

A
  • Urea
  • Excess ions
  • Excess water
44
Q

What connects the kidneys to the bladder?

A

The ureter

45
Q

What does ADH stand for?

A

Anti-Diuretic Hormone.

46
Q

What is the effect of ADH?

A

Stimulates the kidney to reabsorb more water, increasing water concentration in the blood.

47
Q

Where is ADH released from?

A

The pituitary gland.

48
Q

What is in dialysis fluid?

A

It is a isotonic solution
- Water
- Ions
- Sugar

49
Q

What 4 hormones control the menstrual cycle?

A
  • FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
  • Oestrogen
  • LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
  • Progesterone
50
Q

Where is FSH produced?

A

Pituitary gland.

51
Q

Where is oestrogen produced?

A

Ovaries.

52
Q

Where is LH produced?

A

Pituitary gland.

53
Q

Where is progesterone produced?

A

Egg follicle.

54
Q

What is the role of FSH?

A

Stimulates the egg to mature in the ovary.

55
Q

What is the role of oestrogen?

A

Stimulates the uterus lining to thicken.

56
Q

What is the role of LH?

A

Stimulates ovulation.

57
Q

What is the role of progesterone?

A

Maintains the uterus lining.

58
Q

Why do contraceptives contain oestrogen?

A

It inhibits FSH.

59
Q

What hormones are used in contraceptives?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone.

60
Q

How does an IUD work?

A
  • Releases progesterone
  • Contains copper (kills sperm)
61
Q

What are the 3 stages of IVF?

A
  • Artificial FSH causes lots of eggs to mature
  • Eggs are fertilised in the lab
  • Embryos are then implanted into the uterus
62
Q

Where is adrenaline produced?

A

In the adrenal gland.

63
Q

What is the effect of adrenaline?

A
  • Increased heart and breathing rate
  • Glycogen converted to glucose (in liver)
  • Pupils dilate
  • Mental awareness increases
  • Blood is diverted form digestive system
64
Q

What does thyroxine control?

A

Base metabolic rate
- The rate that substances are built up and broken down
- Level of oxygen used by tissues
- Development of children’s brains

65
Q

How are thyroxine levels controlled?

A

Changes in thyroxine levels are detected by the brain, and the appropriate level of TSH is released from the pituitary gland.

66
Q

What is positive phototropism?

A

Growth towards light.

67
Q

What is positive geotropism?

A

Growth in the direction that gravity acts in.

68
Q

What is the plant growth hormone?

A

Auxin

69
Q

Were is auxin produced in plants?

A

In the tip of shoots.

70
Q

What is the effect of auxin?

A

Cells elongate and divide.

71
Q

What is the effect of light on auxin?

A

Light breaks down auxin.

72
Q

What is the effect of auxin in the roots?

A

It inhibits cell division and elongation.

73
Q

How does auxin make a plant stem negatively geotropic?

A
  • It builds up at the bottom edge of the stem due to gravity.
  • This makes these cells grow faster
  • This bends the stem upwards as it grows

Biology (7 decks)

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