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Infection Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of micro organism causes disease?

A

Pathogens

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2
Q

What are the four types of pathogen?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Protists
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3
Q

What type of pathogen causes gonorrhea?

A

Bateria

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4
Q

What type of pathogen causes measles?

A

Virus

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5
Q

What type of pathogen causes salmonella?

A

Bacteria

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?

A
  • Pain when urinating
  • Infertility
  • Can be carried without symptoms
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7
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A
  • Rash (starts on face)
  • Fever
  • Cold-like symptoms
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8
Q

What are the symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus?

A

Patterns appear on leaves (prevents photosynthesis)

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV?

A

Generally asymptomatic.

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A
  • Fever
  • Headaches
  • Arthritis
  • Diarrhea
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11
Q

How do bacteria cause damage?

A

Producing toxins.

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12
Q

How do viruses cause damage?

A

They damage cells by reproducing inside of them.

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13
Q

Why do antibiotics not work on viruses?

A

They work by destroying the cell wall - viruses don’t have cell walls.

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14
Q

What type of pathogen causes rose black spot?

A

Fungi

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15
Q

Where are the spores of the rose black spot fungi found?

A

In the stem of the plant.

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16
Q

What do microbes need to grow?

A
  • Nutrients
  • Warmth
  • Oxygen
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17
Q

What does aseptic mean?

A

Sterile, without contamination.

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18
Q

What is the vector for malaria?

A

Mosquitoes.

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19
Q

What is the internal temperature of the body?

A

37°C

20
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Binary fission

21
Q

How do you calculate number of bacteria after a period of growth?

A

Bacteria at end = bacteria at start x 2ⁿᵘᵐᵇᵉʳ ᵒᶠ ᵈᶦᵛᶦˢᶦᵒⁿˢ

22
Q

What are the 5 non-specific defenses against pathogens?

A
  • Skin (physical barrier)
  • Lungs (cilia and mucus catch pathogens)
  • Stomach (HCl)
  • Eyes (eyelashes are physical barrier, tears wash and are antiseptic)
  • Blood (phagocytes, platelets)
23
Q

What are the three ways that white blood cells destroy pathogens?

A
  • Engulfing pathogens (non-specific)
  • Producing antibodys (specific)
  • Producing antitoxins (specific)
24
Q

How do antibodys work?

A

They bind to antigens on the surface of the pathogen and destroy it.

25
Q

How do antitoxins work?

A

They bind to the toxins and neutralise them.

26
Q

What is inside a vaccine?

A

Dead or modified pathogens.

27
Q

What does the MMR vaccine protect against?

A
  • Measles
  • Mumps
  • Rhubella
28
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A
  • Slow/disrupt the bacterias processes (preventing reproduction)
  • Kill the bacteria by destroying the cell wall
29
Q

How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

A
  • Variations means some in population are more resistant
  • Only the most resistant bacteria survive
  • These re[produce so that the whole population is resistant
30
Q

What are resistant staphylococcus bacteria called

A

MRSA

31
Q

What are the stages of a clinical drugs trial?

A
  • Laboratory tests (toxicity + efficacy)
  • Healthy people (Safety + side effects)
  • Ill people (efficacy)
  • Large numbers of people (Tested with placebos)
32
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

Both doctors and patients are unaware of who has the real drug.

33
Q

Why are drugs tested?

A
  • Efficacy
  • Safety
  • Dosage
34
Q

How are monoclonal antibodys produced?

A
  • Mouse is injected with the pathogen
  • B lymphocyte cells are collected
  • These are combined with tumor cells
  • Hybridoma cells are left to multiply
  • They produce antibodys
  • These are then collected
35
Q

What is created when a tumor cell is combined with a B lymphocyte cell?

A

A hybridoma

36
Q

How do monoclonal antibodys treat disease?

A
  • Delivering drugs
  • Delvering radioactive substances
  • Blocking growth signals
  • Delivering markers
37
Q

What are the 4 minerals plants need for growth?

A
  • Nitrogen
  • Magnesium
  • Phosphorus
  • Potassium
38
Q

What is nitogen used for in plants?

A

Making proteins for growth

39
Q

What is magnesium used for in plants?

A

Making chlorophyll (with glucose)

40
Q

What is potassium used for in plants?

A

Respiration and photosynthesis.

41
Q

What is phosphorus used for in plants?

A

Respiration and root growth.

42
Q

How do you identify plant disease?

A

Look in a gardening manual.

43
Q

What can plants be effected by?

A
  • Pests
  • Mineral deficiency
  • Vial disease
  • Fungal disease
44
Q

What are some physical defenses of plants?

A
  • Cell walls
  • Waxy cuticle on leaves
  • Dead bark pealing off
45
Q

What are some chemical defenses of plants?

A
  • Antibacterial (witch hazel)
  • Poisonous (foxgloves and deadly nightshade)
46
Q

What are some mechanical defenses of plants?

A
  • Thorns
  • Mimicry

Biology (7 decks)

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