Infection Flashcards
What type of micro organism causes disease?
Pathogens
What are the four types of pathogen?
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Fungi
- Protists
What type of pathogen causes gonorrhea?
Bateria
What type of pathogen causes measles?
Virus
What type of pathogen causes salmonella?
Bacteria
What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?
- Pain when urinating
- Infertility
- Can be carried without symptoms
What are the symptoms of measles?
- Rash (starts on face)
- Fever
- Cold-like symptoms
What are the symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus?
Patterns appear on leaves (prevents photosynthesis)
What are the symptoms of HIV?
Generally asymptomatic.
What are the symptoms of salmonella?
- Fever
- Headaches
- Arthritis
- Diarrhea
How do bacteria cause damage?
Producing toxins.
How do viruses cause damage?
They damage cells by reproducing inside of them.
Why do antibiotics not work on viruses?
They work by destroying the cell wall - viruses don’t have cell walls.
What type of pathogen causes rose black spot?
Fungi
Where are the spores of the rose black spot fungi found?
In the stem of the plant.
What do microbes need to grow?
- Nutrients
- Warmth
- Oxygen
What does aseptic mean?
Sterile, without contamination.
What is the vector for malaria?
Mosquitoes.
What is the internal temperature of the body?
37°C
How do bacteria reproduce?
Binary fission
How do you calculate number of bacteria after a period of growth?
Bacteria at end = bacteria at start x 2ⁿᵘᵐᵇᵉʳ ᵒᶠ ᵈᶦᵛᶦˢᶦᵒⁿˢ
What are the 5 non-specific defenses against pathogens?
- Skin (physical barrier)
- Lungs (cilia and mucus catch pathogens)
- Stomach (HCl)
- Eyes (eyelashes are physical barrier, tears wash and are antiseptic)
- Blood (phagocytes, platelets)
What are the three ways that white blood cells destroy pathogens?
- Engulfing pathogens (non-specific)
- Producing antibodys (specific)
- Producing antitoxins (specific)
How do antibodys work?
They bind to antigens on the surface of the pathogen and destroy it.
How do antitoxins work?
They bind to the toxins and neutralise them.
What is inside a vaccine?
Dead or modified pathogens.
What does the MMR vaccine protect against?
- Measles
- Mumps
- Rhubella
How do antibiotics work?
- Slow/disrupt the bacterias processes (preventing reproduction)
- Kill the bacteria by destroying the cell wall
How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
- Variations means some in population are more resistant
- Only the most resistant bacteria survive
- These re[produce so that the whole population is resistant
What are resistant staphylococcus bacteria called
MRSA
What are the stages of a clinical drugs trial?
- Laboratory tests (toxicity + efficacy)
- Healthy people (Safety + side effects)
- Ill people (efficacy)
- Large numbers of people (Tested with placebos)
What is a double blind trial?
Both doctors and patients are unaware of who has the real drug.
Why are drugs tested?
- Efficacy
- Safety
- Dosage
What are the 4 minerals plants need for growth?
- Nitrogen
- Magnesium
- Phosphorus
- Potassium
What is nitogen used for in plants?
Making proteins for growth
What is magnesium used for in plants?
Making chlorophyll (with glucose)
What is potassium used for in plants?
Respiration and photosynthesis.
What is phosphorus used for in plants?
Respiration and root growth.
How do you identify plant disease?
Look in a gardening manual.
What can plants be effected by?
- Pests
- Mineral deficiency
- Vial disease
- Fungal disease
What are some physical defenses of plants?
- Cell walls
- Waxy cuticle on leaves
- Dead bark pealing off
What are some chemical defenses of plants?
- Antibacterial (witch hazel)
- Poisonous (foxgloves and deadly nightshade)
What are some mechanical defenses of plants?
- Thorns
- Mimicry
