Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the diploid number?

A

The number of chromosomes in a body cell.

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2
Q

What is the haploid number?

A

The number of chromosomes in a gamete.

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3
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

The monomer for DNA. It is a compound made from a phosphate group, a sugar, and a base.

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4
Q

What is a gene?

A

A length of DNA that holds the code for one characteristic.

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5
Q

What type of sugar is in DNA monomers?

A

A pentose sugar.

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6
Q

What are the 4 bases, and how do they pair together?

A
  • T and A
  • G and C
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7
Q

How many bases code for one amino acid.

A

3
A triplet.

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8
Q

What did Mendel discover?

A
  • That characteristics where passed down from parents to offspring
  • Some of the characteristics could be recessive
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9
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The full set of genes that an organism has.

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10
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The observable characteristics of an organism.

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11
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different versions of the same gene.

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12
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

Organisms that have homologous chromosomes which have the same allele.

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13
Q

What does heterazygous mean?

A

Organisms that have homologous chromosomes which have different alleles.

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14
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

Only one copy is needed for the allele to be expressed.

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15
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

An allele that is only expressed if there is no dominant allele.

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16
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A
  • Genetic disorder
  • Affects cell membranes
  • Causes unusually thick mucus to be produced
17
Q

How are people affected by cystic fibrosis?

A
  • Low energy levels (slow diffusion of oxygen into blood - reduces respiration)
  • Difficulty gaining weight (blocked pancreas duct - enzymes don’t reach the small intestine)
18
Q

Is cystic fibrosis caused by a recessive or dominant allele?

A

A recessive allele.

19
Q

What is polydactyly?

A
  • Genetic disorder
  • Causes more than 5 fingers/toes to grow
20
Q

Is polydactyly caused by a recessive or dominant allele?

A

A dominant allele.

21
Q

What is the order of classification?

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

22
Q

Where does the binomial Latin name for species come from?

A

Genus then species

23
Q

What was Lamarck’s theory?

A

Inheritance of acquired characteristics.

24
Q

When do two groups of organisms become distinct species?

A

when they can no linger reproduce to produce fertile offspring.

25
Q

What are the 3 ways that fossils are formed?

A

1. Bones are fossilised (they mineralise and turn to rock within sedimentary rocks)
2. Impressions
3. Preservation (in conditions where the organism can not decompose)

26
Q

How are genes cut form DNA and put into plasmids?

A

Using enzymes.

27
Q

What is tissue culture?

A

Cloning plants by taking cells and growing them in agar jelly.

28
Q

What are the two method of animal cloneing?

A
  • Embryo transplants
  • Adult cell cloning
29
Q

How does embryo transplants work?

A
  • Embryo produced using sperm and egg
  • Cells from embryo are separated
  • Multiple identical embryos are produced
  • These are implanted into surrogate mothers
30
Q

How does adult cell cloning work?

A
  • Donor nucleus is fused using a electric shock with an empty egg cell (nucleus removed)
  • This then forms an embryo
  • Embryo is implanted into surrogate mother
31
Q

What is the difference between embryo transplants and adult cell cloning?

A
  • Embryo transplants create identical offspring that are different from the parents
  • Adult cell cloning creates a clone of the parent