Organics PPT Flashcards
How many electrons does Carbon have?
6
How many bonds could Carbon form to become more stable?
4
What type of bond does Carbon form?
covalent
any covalent molecule with Carbon and Hydrogen; other elements hang off of the Carbon
organic molecules
examples of elements that hang off Carbon in organic molecules
Oxygen,
Phosphorus,
Nitrogen
What are the purposes of organic molecules?
energy source,
structural material,
carriers of hereditary information
How are these large organic molecules formed?
condensation reactions
How are these large organic molecules broken down?
hydrolysis reactions
What type of reaction is the condensation reaction?
synthesis
Explain the steps of the condensation reaction.
- remove an -OH group from one molecule and an H⁺ from another
- a covalent bond forms between the two molecules
- the -OH and H⁺ form water
opposite of dehydration synthesis; used to break down large organic molecules into smaller units
hydrolysis reaction
What type of reaction is the hydrolysis reaction?
decomposition
Explain the hydrolysis reaction.
an -OH and a H⁺ from water are attached at the exposed sides
various atoms or clusters of atoms covalently bonded to the carbon backbone; give organic compounds different properties; commonly occur
functional groups
examples of functional groups
hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate
List the 4 organic compound groups.
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
most abundant organic compound group; can be simple or complex molecules
carbohydrates
List the 2 main uses of carbohydrates.
energy storage,
structural support
What are carbohydrates made of?
Give the ratio.
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
1C:2H:1O
example of a carbohydrate
C₆H₁₂O₆
simple carbs; typically have a backbone of 5 or 6 Carbon
monosaccharides
examples of monosaccharides
glucose (6C),
fructose (6C)
simple chain of 2 sugar units; bonded through a condensation reaction
disaccharide
complex chain of many sugar units; can be identical or different; joined through condensation reaction
polysaccharides
What are polysaccharides used for?
energy storage,
structural support
polysaccharide: storage form for glucose in plants
starch
Humans break down starch into glucose for energy using a ___ reaction.
hydrolysis
List the 4 main groups of polysaccharides.
- starch
- cellulose
- glycogen
- chitin
polysaccharide: plant cell wall component; very stable and strong
cellulose
Why can’t humans digest cellulose?
We lack the enzymes needed to break apart the sugars.
Why are cellulose and starch similar?
both made from glucose
List the differences between cellulose and starch.
- starch- glucoses constant repeated orientation; less stable
- cellulose- glucoses rotated 180°; very stable
polysaccharide: primary storage form for glucose in animals (stored in liver and muscle)
glycogen
Glycogen can be easily converted to ___ for energy.
glucose
polysaccharide: structural material; form 30-70% of crab/insect exoskeletons; form 5-20% of fungi cell walls
chitin
main function is long term energy storage; do not dissolve in water (hydrophobic)
lipids
List the 4 main groups of lipids.
- fatty acids and triglycerides
- phospholipids
- waxes
- steroids
type of fatty acid with all single bonds; solid at room temperature
saturated
type of fatty acid with double bonds; liquid at room temperature
unsaturated
lipid: one end has a carboxyl group (COOH); the rest of the molecule (the “tail”) is C and H
fatty acids
___ come together to form triglycerides.
Fatty acids
lipid: used for long term energy storage; composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
triglycerides
lipid: main component of cell membrane; 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic); phosphate group “head” (hydrophilic); amphipathic molecule
phospholipid
lipid: fatty acids combined with alcohols; stiff, water-repellent material
waxes
rigid backbone of 4 fused Carbon rings
sterols
examples of sterols
vitamin D, cortisone, cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen
component of biological membranes; transported through the blood stream by lipoproteins
cholesterol
List the 2 types of cholesterol.
- low density (LDL) “bad cholesterol”
2. high density (HDL) “good cholesterol”
High cholesterol increases the risk of ___.
heart disease
How do we get cholesterol?
- liver produces 1000 mg/day
2. food from animals (eggs, meat; saturated and trans fats)
List the 4 types of fats.
- monounsaturated
- polyunsaturated
- saturated
- trans
What effects do monounsaturated fats have on cholesterol?
lowers LDL,
raises HDL
What effects do polyunsaturated fats have on cholesterol?
lowers LDL,
raises HDL
What effects do saturated fats have on cholesterol?
raises both LDL and HDL
What effects do trans fats have on cholesterol?
raises LDL,
lowers HDL
List the main sources of monounsaturated fats.
olive oil,
peanut oil,
canola oil
List the main sources of polyunsaturated fats.
corn,
soybean oil
List the main sources of saturated fats.
whole milk, butter, cheese, red meat, chocolate
List the main sources of trans fats.
margarine,
shortening,
fast food
Which fats are in a liquid state at room temperature?
monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
Which fats are in a solid state at room temperature?
saturated and trans
fat: some naturally occurring in small amounts; modified fats
trans fats
___ are fats artificially produced in large quantities by heating liquid vegetable oils in the presence of hydrogen. A process called ___ which makes the fats harder and last longer.
Modified fats,
hydrogenation
most diverse group of organic compounds; contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S and P
proteins
examples of proteins and their purposes
- enzymes: speed up reactions
- structural components: bones
- hormones
protein building block
amino acids
List the components of amino acids.
- central Carbon
- amino group (N)
- carboxyl group
- Hydrogen
- “R group” varies between amino acids
How many different amino acids are there?
20
examples of amino acids
- tyrosine
- lysine
- glutamate
- glycine
- proline
type of reaction used to link amino acids together and form a protein
condensation reaction
name for the covalent bond in an amino acid
peptide bond
a chain of amino acids
polypeptide
What determines a protein’s function?
the protein’s structure
What is the shape of a protein determined by?
the sequence of amino acids
How many parts are protein structure divided into?
4
protein structure: the sequence of amino acids forms the polypeptide chain; order of amino acids is determined by DNA
primary structure
What is the importance of the primary protein structure?
dictates protein shape and function
protein structure: the primary chain forms spirals (α-helices) and sheets (β-sheets)
secondary structure
List the 2 options in a secondary structure.
- Coiled Alpha (α) Helix
2. Extended Beta (β) Pleated Sheet
when hydrogen bonds form between different parts in the secondary protein structure
folding
the primary chain is coiled to form a spiral structure, which is stabilized by hydrogen bonds
α-Helix
the primary chain “zig-zags” back and forth forming a “pleated” sheet; adjacent strands are held together by hydrogen bonds
β-Sheet
protein structure: final 3D shape (functional protein); further folding due to R group interactions
tertiary structure
In some R groups of the tertiary protein structure, sulfur atoms form covalent bonds called ___.
disulfide bonds
Further folding in the tertiary protein structure results in these 2 possible molecules.
- globular
2. rod-like / barrel-like
protein structure: 2/more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structure, combine to form a functional protein
quaternary structure
when the protein unfolds, becoming inactive
denaturation
Why does denaturation occur?
due to changes in temperature or pH
carry genetic information; made up of individual nucleotides
nucleic acids
List the 3 parts of a nucleotide.
- 5-Carbon sugar
- phosphate group
- nitrogen base
List the 2 main nucleic acids.
- DNA
2. RNA
nucleic acid that carries genetic information
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
nucleic acid that carries a message to make proteins
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
RNA carries the message from ___ to make proteins.
DNA
