DNA Structure & Replication PPT Flashcards

1
Q

chemical compound that passes hereditary information from generation to generation

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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2
Q

What are the building blocks of DNA?

A

DNA is composed of a long chain of nucleotides.

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3
Q

Each nucleotide in DNA has ___ components and are attached with ___ bonds.

A

3,

covalent

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4
Q

How many different nucleotides make up DNA?

A

4

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5
Q

2 ring nitrogen base structure

A

purines

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6
Q

1 ring nitrogen base structure

A

pyrimidines

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7
Q

Which nucleotides have a purine base?

A

adenine,

guanine

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8
Q

Which nucleotides have a pyrimidine base?

A

thymine,

cytosine

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9
Q

Who discovered how the nucleotides are assembled and when?

A

Erwin Chargaff (1949)

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10
Q

How are the nucleotides assembled?

A

purines attach to pyrimidines (A=T and G=C)

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11
Q

Whose x-ray diffraction images suggested DNA structure?

A

Rosalind Franklin

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12
Q

Describe DNA structure.

A
  • long and thin
  • uniform diameter
  • two varying repeats suggests a double coil/helix
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13
Q

determined the double helix structure of DNA and built a model to display it; won a Nobel prize

A

Watson and Crick (1953)

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14
Q

a twisted ladder structure; sugar-phosphate are the sides that make up a “backbone”; nitrogen bases attach across as the rungs (A=T and G=C); two strands run antiparallel and are complimentary to each other (3 prime to 5 prime)

A

double helix structure

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15
Q

Nitrogen bases in DNA attach with ___ bonds.

A

hydrogen

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16
Q

flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein

A

central dogma of molecular biology

17
Q

process of creating a new DNA molecule

A

replication

18
Q

process of creating RNA from DNA

A

transcription

19
Q

process of creating proteins from RNA

A

translation

20
Q

DNA replication must occur ___ cell division.

A

before

21
Q

Cell must duplicate its genome before it ___.

A

divides

22
Q

Each strand acts as a ___ to create a new strand.

A

template

23
Q

Describe the origins of replication.

A
  1. Helicase enzyme unwinds DNA in both directions
  2. forms a replication bubble and binding proteins stabilize each strand
  3. at each end of the replication bubble is a replication fork
24
Q

enzyme which adds only to an existing strand laid by a RNA primase enzyme; gets energy by breaking off two phosphates

A

DNA polymerase

25
Q

What’s the problem with using DNA polymerase to add in free nucleotides?

A

only adds nucleotides to the 3 prime (3’) end

26
Q

One strand is made continuously (5’-3’) while the other strand is made in sections called ___ and gaps are sealed in by ___.

A

Okazaki fragments,

DNA ligase

27
Q

the end result is 2 identical DNA molecules formed from the original; during cell division one complete copy is given to the new cell while one is retained in the original cell; each new molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand

A

semi-conservative replication

28
Q

Are mistakes possible in DNA replication?

A

yes

29
Q

What enzymes can extract mistakes and repair DNA?

A

DNA polymerase,

DNA ligase

30
Q

If an error in DNA replication persists, a ___ results.

A

mutation

31
Q

DNA is contained in the nucleus as ___, but condenses into ___.

A

chromatin,

chromosomes

32
Q

discreet packages of DNA

A

chromosomes

33
Q

a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule

A

gene

34
Q

all the genetic material in a cell

A

genome