Intro to A&P and Terms PPT Flashcards
the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
anatomy
the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery
physiology
Why are anatomy and physiology inseparable?
- function always reflects structure
- what a structure can do depends on its specific form
What are the subdivisions of anatomy?
gross/macroscopic, microscopic, developmental
Organ systems are a subdivision of what?
physiology
a “foreign” language vocabulary for accurately describing the human body and associated components, conditions, processes and process in a science-based manner; spelling is important
anatomical and/or medical terminology
What are the 3 parts to anatomical/medical terms?
root, prefix, suffix
“cardio” root meaning
heart
“myo” root meaning
muscle
“pathy” suffix meaning
disease of
“dys” prefix meaning
hard, difficult
“meno” root meaning
menstruation
“rrhea” suffix meaning
discharge
Describe a body in anatomical position.
- standing erect
- face forward
- arms at sides
- toes forward
- palms forward
directional term meaning toward the top or the head
superior (cephalic/cranial)
directional term meaning toward the bottom or the feet
inferior (caudal)
Your head is ___ to your neck.
superior
Your chest is ___ to your neck.
inferior
directional term meaning toward the front
anterior
directional term meaning toward the back
posterior
directional term meaning front (belly side)
ventral
directional term meaning back
dorsal
The sternum is ___ to the lungs.
anterior
The belly button is ___ to the spinal cord.
ventral
directional term meaning towards or at the midline of the body
medial
directional term meaning away from the body midline
lateral
directional term meaning between medial and lateral position
intermediate
The arms are ___ to the heart.
lateral
The lungs are ___ to the hips.
medial
directional term meaning farther from origin of body part or limb attachment
distal
directional term meaning closer to origin of body part or point of limb attachment
proximal
The elbow is ___ to the wrist.
proximal
The knee is ___ to the thigh.
distal
directional term meaning towards the surface
superficial
directional term meaning towards the core
deep
The skin is ___ to the kidney.
superficial
The lungs are ___ to the skin.
deep
a line that passes completely through body in a particular direction
plane
What are the 3 main planes?
sagittal, frontal/coronal, transverse
plane that passes vertically through the body from front to back; divides right and left parts
sagittal plane
What are the subcategories of the sagittal plane?
midsagittal (median) and parasagittal
sagittal plane that lies on the midline
midsagittal (median)
sagittal plane that lies offset from the midline
parasagittal
plane that passes vertically through the body from side to side; divides into front (anterior) and back (posterior)
frontal/coronal plane
plane that passes horizontally through the body; divides into top and bottom
transverse (horizontal) plane
a cut made along a certain plane
section
section cut along the long axis
longitudinal section
section cut along width; circular shape
transverse/cross section
section cut diagonally (between horizontal and vertical planes); rarely used
oblique section
body cavity that protects nervous system organs
dorsal body cavity
What are the subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity?
cranial and vertebral cavities
dorsal body cavity subdivision that encases the brain
cranial cavity
dorsal body cavity subdivision that encases the spinal cord
vertebral cavity
body cavity that protects the internal organs
ventral body cavity
What are the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity?
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
ventral body cavity subdivision containing the heart, lungs, and remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, etc.)
thoracic cavity
ventral body cavity subdivision containing the stomach, spleen, intestines, liver, etc.
abdominopelvic cavity
What are the subdivisions of the thoracic cavity?
pleural cavities and mediastinum cavity
What body cavity is within the mediastinum cavity?
pericardial cavity
thoracic cavity subdivision that surrounds the lungs
pleural cavities
thoracic cavity subdivision that contains the heart, great vessels, and trachea
mediastinum cavity
thoracic cavity subdivision within the mediastinum cavity that surrounds the heart
pericardial cavity
abdominopelvic cavity subdivision containing the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
abdominal cavity
abdominopelvic cavity containing the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs
pelvic cavity
List the abdominopelvic quadrants.
right upper quadrant (RUQ),
left upper quadrant (LUQ),
right lower quadrant (RLQ),
left lower quadrant (LLQ)
List the abdominopelvic regions.
right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac (inguinal) region, hypogastric (pubic) region, left iliac (inguinal) region
abdominopelvic region containing the liver and gallbladder
right hypochondriac region
abdominopelvic region containing the stomach
epigastric region
abdominopelvic region containing the diaphragm and spleen
left hypochondriac region
abdominopelvic region containing the ascending colon of the large intestine
right lumbar region
abdominopelvic region containing the small intestine and the transverse colon of the large intestine
umbilical region
abdominopelvic region containing the descending colon of the large intestine
left lumbar region
abdominopelvic region containing the cecum and appendix
right iliac (inguinal) region
abdominopelvic region containing the urinary bladder
hypogastric (pubic) region
abdominopelvic region containing the initial part of the sigmoid colon
left iliac (inguinal) region
smaller body cavity containing the mouth and digestive organs
oral and digestive cavities
smaller body cavity within and posterior to the nose
nasal cavity
smaller body cavity containing the eyes
orbital cavity
smaller body cavity medial to the eardrums
middle ear cavities
smaller body cavity containing joint cavities (i.e. elbow and knee)
synovial cavities
List the 2 fundamental divisions of the human body.
axial part,
appendicular part
fundamental division of the human body containing the head, neck, and trunk
axial part
fundamental division of the human body containing the appendages or limbs
appendicular part
What are the subdivisions of physiology?
based on organ systems,
focus on cellular/molecular level
How many organ systems are there in the body?
11
body system containing the hair, skin, and nails
integumentary system
body system that forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury; synthesized vitamin D and houses cutaneous (pain/pressure/etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands
integumentary system
body system containing bones and joints
skeletal system
body system that protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; bones store minerals
skeletal system
body system containing skeletal muscles
muscular system
body system that allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat
muscular system
body system containing the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
nervous system
body system that is the fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating the appropriate muscles and glands
nervous system
body system containing the pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, and testis
endocrine system
body system in which glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
endocrine system
body system containing the heart and blood vessels
cardiovascular system
body system in which the heart pumps blood; blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
cardiovascular system
body system containing the thymus, red bone marrow, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, and lymph nodes
lymphatic system/ immunity
body system that picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity; the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body
lymphatic system/ immunity
body system containing the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, and bronchus
respiratory system
body system that keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
respiratory system
body system containing the oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
digestive system
body system that breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces
digestive system
body system containing the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra
urinary system
body system that eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
urinary system
body system that contains either the prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, and ductus deferens OR mammary glands (in breasts), ovary, uterus, uterine tube, and vagina
reproductive system (male vs. female)
body system that’s overall function is production of offspring
reproductive system
body system in which testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract
male reproductive system
body system in which ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; the remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus; mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn
female reproductive system
the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment; a dynamic state of equilibrium
homeostasis
How is homeostasis maintained?
by contributions of all organ systems
Which body systems provide the communication necessary for the monitoring and regulation in homeostasis?
nervous and endocrine systems
Are most homeostatic feedback mechanisms in the body positive or negative?
negative
type of homeostatic feedback response that reduces or shuts off the original stimulus; variable changes in the opposite direction of initial change
negative feedback
What type of homeostatic feedback is exhibited in the following example?
regulation of body temperature
negative feedback (a nervous system mechanism)
What type of homeostatic feedback is exhibited in the following example?
regulation of blood glucose by insulin
negative feedback (an endocrine system mechanism)
type of homeostatic feedback response that enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus; may exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect; usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment
positive feedback
What type of homeostatic feedback is exhibited in the following example?
enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin
positive feedback
What type of homeostatic feedback is exhibited in the following example?
platelet plug formation and blood clotting
positive feedback
