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NAS 2 > Intro to A&P and Terms PPT > Flashcards

Intro to A&P and Terms PPT Flashcards

1
Q

the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

A

anatomy

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2
Q

the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery

A

physiology

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3
Q

Why are anatomy and physiology inseparable?

A
  • function always reflects structure

- what a structure can do depends on its specific form

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4
Q

What are the subdivisions of anatomy?

A

gross/macroscopic, microscopic, developmental

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5
Q

Organ systems are a subdivision of what?

A

physiology

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6
Q

a “foreign” language vocabulary for accurately describing the human body and associated components, conditions, processes and process in a science-based manner; spelling is important

A

anatomical and/or medical terminology

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7
Q

What are the 3 parts to anatomical/medical terms?

A

root, prefix, suffix

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8
Q

“cardio” root meaning

A

heart

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9
Q

“myo” root meaning

A

muscle

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10
Q

“pathy” suffix meaning

A

disease of

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11
Q

“dys” prefix meaning

A

hard, difficult

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12
Q

“meno” root meaning

A

menstruation

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13
Q

“rrhea” suffix meaning

A

discharge

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14
Q

Describe a body in anatomical position.

A
  • standing erect
  • face forward
  • arms at sides
  • toes forward
  • palms forward
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15
Q

directional term meaning toward the top or the head

A

superior (cephalic/cranial)

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16
Q

directional term meaning toward the bottom or the feet

A

inferior (caudal)

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17
Q

Your head is ___ to your neck.

A

superior

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18
Q

Your chest is ___ to your neck.

A

inferior

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19
Q

directional term meaning toward the front

A

anterior

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20
Q

directional term meaning toward the back

A

posterior

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21
Q

directional term meaning front (belly side)

A

ventral

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22
Q

directional term meaning back

A

dorsal

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23
Q

The sternum is ___ to the lungs.

A

anterior

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24
Q

The belly button is ___ to the spinal cord.

A

ventral

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25
Q

directional term meaning towards or at the midline of the body

A

medial

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26
Q

directional term meaning away from the body midline

A

lateral

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27
Q

directional term meaning between medial and lateral position

A

intermediate

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28
Q

The arms are ___ to the heart.

A

lateral

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29
Q

The lungs are ___ to the hips.

A

medial

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30
Q

directional term meaning farther from origin of body part or limb attachment

A

distal

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31
Q

directional term meaning closer to origin of body part or point of limb attachment

A

proximal

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32
Q

The elbow is ___ to the wrist.

A

proximal

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33
Q

The knee is ___ to the thigh.

A

distal

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34
Q

directional term meaning towards the surface

A

superficial

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35
Q

directional term meaning towards the core

A

deep

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36
Q

The skin is ___ to the kidney.

A

superficial

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37
Q

The lungs are ___ to the skin.

A

deep

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38
Q

a line that passes completely through body in a particular direction

A

plane

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39
Q

What are the 3 main planes?

A

sagittal, frontal/coronal, transverse

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40
Q

plane that passes vertically through the body from front to back; divides right and left parts

A

sagittal plane

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41
Q

What are the subcategories of the sagittal plane?

A

midsagittal (median) and parasagittal

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42
Q

sagittal plane that lies on the midline

A

midsagittal (median)

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43
Q

sagittal plane that lies offset from the midline

A

parasagittal

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44
Q

plane that passes vertically through the body from side to side; divides into front (anterior) and back (posterior)

A

frontal/coronal plane

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45
Q

plane that passes horizontally through the body; divides into top and bottom

A

transverse (horizontal) plane

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46
Q

a cut made along a certain plane

A

section

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47
Q

section cut along the long axis

A

longitudinal section

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48
Q

section cut along width; circular shape

A

transverse/cross section

49
Q

section cut diagonally (between horizontal and vertical planes); rarely used

A

oblique section

50
Q

body cavity that protects nervous system organs

A

dorsal body cavity

51
Q

What are the subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity?

A

cranial and vertebral cavities

52
Q

dorsal body cavity subdivision that encases the brain

A

cranial cavity

53
Q

dorsal body cavity subdivision that encases the spinal cord

A

vertebral cavity

54
Q

body cavity that protects the internal organs

A

ventral body cavity

55
Q

What are the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity?

A

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

56
Q

ventral body cavity subdivision containing the heart, lungs, and remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, etc.)

A

thoracic cavity

57
Q

ventral body cavity subdivision containing the stomach, spleen, intestines, liver, etc.

A

abdominopelvic cavity

58
Q

What are the subdivisions of the thoracic cavity?

A

pleural cavities and mediastinum cavity

59
Q

What body cavity is within the mediastinum cavity?

A

pericardial cavity

60
Q

thoracic cavity subdivision that surrounds the lungs

A

pleural cavities

61
Q

thoracic cavity subdivision that contains the heart, great vessels, and trachea

A

mediastinum cavity

62
Q

thoracic cavity subdivision within the mediastinum cavity that surrounds the heart

A

pericardial cavity

63
Q

abdominopelvic cavity subdivision containing the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs

A

abdominal cavity

64
Q

abdominopelvic cavity containing the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs

A

pelvic cavity

65
Q

List the abdominopelvic quadrants.

A

right upper quadrant (RUQ),
left upper quadrant (LUQ),
right lower quadrant (RLQ),
left lower quadrant (LLQ)

66
Q

List the abdominopelvic regions.

A 
right hypochondriac region,
epigastric region,
left hypochondriac region,
right lumbar region,
umbilical region,
left lumbar region,
right iliac (inguinal) region,
hypogastric (pubic) region,
left iliac (inguinal) region
67
Q

abdominopelvic region containing the liver and gallbladder

A

right hypochondriac region

68
Q

abdominopelvic region containing the stomach

A

epigastric region

69
Q

abdominopelvic region containing the diaphragm and spleen

A

left hypochondriac region

70
Q

abdominopelvic region containing the ascending colon of the large intestine

A

right lumbar region

71
Q

abdominopelvic region containing the small intestine and the transverse colon of the large intestine

A

umbilical region

72
Q

abdominopelvic region containing the descending colon of the large intestine

A

left lumbar region

73
Q

abdominopelvic region containing the cecum and appendix

A

right iliac (inguinal) region

74
Q

abdominopelvic region containing the urinary bladder

A

hypogastric (pubic) region

75
Q

abdominopelvic region containing the initial part of the sigmoid colon

A

left iliac (inguinal) region

76
Q

smaller body cavity containing the mouth and digestive organs

A

oral and digestive cavities

77
Q

smaller body cavity within and posterior to the nose

A

nasal cavity

78
Q

smaller body cavity containing the eyes

A

orbital cavity

79
Q

smaller body cavity medial to the eardrums

A

middle ear cavities

80
Q

smaller body cavity containing joint cavities (i.e. elbow and knee)

A

synovial cavities

81
Q

List the 2 fundamental divisions of the human body.

A

axial part,

appendicular part

82
Q

fundamental division of the human body containing the head, neck, and trunk

A

axial part

83
Q

fundamental division of the human body containing the appendages or limbs

A

appendicular part

84
Q

What are the subdivisions of physiology?

A

based on organ systems,

focus on cellular/molecular level

85
Q

How many organ systems are there in the body?

A

11

86
Q

body system containing the hair, skin, and nails

A

integumentary system

87
Q

body system that forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury; synthesized vitamin D and houses cutaneous (pain/pressure/etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands

A

integumentary system

88
Q

body system containing bones and joints

A

skeletal system

89
Q

body system that protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; bones store minerals

A

skeletal system

90
Q

body system containing skeletal muscles

A

muscular system

91
Q

body system that allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat

A

muscular system

92
Q

body system containing the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

A

nervous system

93
Q

body system that is the fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating the appropriate muscles and glands

A

nervous system

94
Q

body system containing the pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, and testis

A

endocrine system

95
Q

body system in which glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

A

endocrine system

96
Q

body system containing the heart and blood vessels

A

cardiovascular system

97
Q

body system in which the heart pumps blood; blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.

A

cardiovascular system

98
Q

body system containing the thymus, red bone marrow, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, and lymph nodes

A

lymphatic system/ immunity

99
Q

body system that picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity; the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body

A

lymphatic system/ immunity

100
Q

body system containing the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, and bronchus

A

respiratory system

101
Q

body system that keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

A

respiratory system

102
Q

body system containing the oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

A

digestive system

103
Q

body system that breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces

A

digestive system

104
Q

body system containing the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra

A

urinary system

105
Q

body system that eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

A

urinary system

106
Q

body system that contains either the prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, and ductus deferens OR mammary glands (in breasts), ovary, uterus, uterine tube, and vagina

A

reproductive system (male vs. female)

107
Q

body system that’s overall function is production of offspring

A

reproductive system

108
Q

body system in which testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract

A

male reproductive system

109
Q

body system in which ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; the remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus; mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn

A

female reproductive system

110
Q

the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment; a dynamic state of equilibrium

A

homeostasis

111
Q

How is homeostasis maintained?

A

by contributions of all organ systems

112
Q

Which body systems provide the communication necessary for the monitoring and regulation in homeostasis?

A

nervous and endocrine systems

113
Q

Are most homeostatic feedback mechanisms in the body positive or negative?

A

negative

114
Q

type of homeostatic feedback response that reduces or shuts off the original stimulus; variable changes in the opposite direction of initial change

A

negative feedback

115
Q

What type of homeostatic feedback is exhibited in the following example?
regulation of body temperature

A 
negative feedback
(a nervous system mechanism)
116
Q

What type of homeostatic feedback is exhibited in the following example?
regulation of blood glucose by insulin

A 
negative feedback
(an endocrine system mechanism)
117
Q

type of homeostatic feedback response that enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus; may exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect; usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment

A

positive feedback

118
Q

What type of homeostatic feedback is exhibited in the following example?
enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin

A

positive feedback

119
Q

What type of homeostatic feedback is exhibited in the following example?
platelet plug formation and blood clotting

A

positive feedback

NAS 2 (19 decks)

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