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organic synthesis reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

alkane to haloalkane

A
  • gaseous halogen
  • UV light
  • 300C
  • radical substitution
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2
Q

alkane to combustion products

A
  • oxygen and heat
  • combustion
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3
Q

alkene to alkane

A
  • H2 and Ni catalyst 150
  • (or Pt catalyst)
  • hydrogenation/addition
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4
Q

alkene to haloalkane (one halogen)

A
  • HX (g) where X is a halogen atom
  • electrophilic addition
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5
Q

alkene to dihaloalkane (2 halogens)

A
  • X2 (g) or (aq) where X is a halogen atom
  • electrophilic addition
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6
Q

alkene to alcohol

A
  • steam with a catalyst
  • dilute H2SO4 or H3PO4
  • 300C
  • hydration
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7
Q

alkene to polymer

A
  • addition polymerisation
  • various conditions often high temp and pressure
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8
Q

haloalkane to alcohol (alkali)

A
  • warm aqueous alkali e.g. NaOH in methanol
  • heat under reflux
  • nucleophilic substitution
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9
Q

haloalkane to alcohol (water)

A
  • H2O and warm (water bath or reflux)
  • nucleophilic substitution
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10
Q

haloalkane to amine

A
  • conc ammonia in ethanol
  • heat
  • nucleophilic substitution
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11
Q

haloalkane to nitrile

A
  • NaCN with HCL to make HCN
  • reflux
  • nucleophilic substitution
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12
Q

alcohol to combustion products

A
  • O2 and heat
  • combustion
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13
Q

alcohol to aldehyde

A
  • primary alcohol with K2Cr2O7 in dilute H2SO4
  • heat (distill)
  • oxidation
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14
Q

alcohol to ketone

A
  • secondary alcohol with K2Cr2O7 in distilled H2SO4
  • and heat (reflux)
  • oxidation
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15
Q

alcohol to carboxylic acid

A
  • primary alcohol with K2Cr2O7 in dilute H2SO4
  • heat (reflux)
  • oxidation
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16
Q

alcohol to alkene

A
  • concentrated H2SO4 or H3PO4
  • 170-180C
  • can use reflux
  • dehydration/elimination
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17
Q

alcohol to haloalkane

A
  • NaBr (for bromoalkane)
  • H2SO4
  • halide substitution
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18
Q

alcohol to ester

A
  • carboxylic acid and conc H2SO4
  • heat (reflux)
  • oxidation
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19
Q

aldehyde/ketone to alcohol

A
  • NaBH4 in methanol
  • at RTP
  • nucleophilic addition/reduction
20
Q

aldehyde/ketone to nitrile

A
  • NaCN with HCl to make HCN
  • nucleophilic addition
21
Q

carboxylic acid to ester

A
  • alcohol
  • conc H2SO4
  • heat under reflux
  • esterification/condensation
22
Q

carboxylic acid to salts

A
  • add metal/metal oxide/metal hydroxide or metal carbonate to form carboxylate salt
  • neutralisation
23
Q

carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

A
  • SOCL2
  • RTP
  • substitution
24
Q

acid anhydride to ester

A
  • add alcohol
  • RTP
  • esterification/condensation
25
Q

acyl chloride to ester

A
  • add alcohol at RTP
  • esterification/condensation
26
Q

acyl chloride to amide

A
  • for primary amide add conc NH3(aq)
  • for secondary amide add amine at RTP
  • condensation
27
Q

ester to carboxylic acid and alcohol (acidic)

A
  • dilute strong acid HCl
  • gently heat/reflux
  • acid hydrolysis
28
Q

ester to carboxylate and alcohol

A
  • dilute NaOH
  • heat gently/reflux
  • base hydrolysis
29
Q

amine to salt

A
  • add acid HCl
  • RTP
30
Q

amino acid to ester

A
  • alcohol
  • conc H2SO4
  • heat under reflux
  • esterification
31
Q

amino acid to salt (acidic conditions)

A
  • add acid HCL
  • neutralisation
32
Q

amino acid to salt (alkaline conditions)

A
  • add metal/metal oxide/metal hydroxide or metal carbonate to form carboxylate
  • neutralisation
33
Q

nitrile to amine

A

nitrile = C triple bond N

  • H2 and Ni catalyst at 150
  • (can use Pt catalyst)
  • or LiAlH4
  • dry ether
34
Q

nitrile to carboxylic acid

A
  • dilute strong acid HCl
  • reflux
  • acid hydrolysis
35
Q

polyester to carboxylic acid and alcohol

A
  • dilute strong acid HCl
  • heat gently/reflux
  • acid hydrolysis
36
Q

polyester to carboxylate and alcohol

A
  • dilute NaOH
  • reflux
  • base hydrolysis
37
Q

polyamide to carboxylic acid and amino salt

A
  • dilute strong acid HCl
  • reflux
  • acid hydrolysis
38
Q

polyamide to carboxylate and amine

A
  • dilute NaOH
  • heat
  • base hydrolysis
39
Q

benzene to nitrobenzene

A
  • conc H2SO4 (catalyst)
  • conc HNO3
  • below 50C
  • relfux
  • electrophilic substitution/nitration
40
Q

benzene to halobenzene

A
  • halogen and halogen carrier ie AgCl3
  • warm/reflux
  • electrophilic substitution/halogenation
41
Q

benzene to alkylbenzene

A
  • chloroalkane e.g. CH3Cl
  • heat/reflux
  • electrophilic substitution/ friedel crafts alkylation
42
Q

benzene to acylbenzene

A
  • acyl chloride (CH3COCl)
  • warm/reflux
  • electrophilic substitution/ friedel crafts acylation
43
Q

benzene to cyclohexane

A
  • H2 and ni catalyst
  • 150C
  • addition
44
Q

nitrobenzne to phenylamine

A
  • Sn and conc HCl
  • heat under reflux
  • neutralise with NaOH
  • reduction
45
Q

phenol to halogenated phenol

A
  • Cl2 or Br2
  • (2,4 directing)
  • electrophilic substitution/halogenation
46
Q

phenol to nitrophenol

A
  • dilute HNO3 (no catalyst needed)
  • 2,4 directing
  • electrophilic substitution/nitration
47
Q

phenol to phenoxide

A
  • add NaOH or Na
  • RTP

chemistry (37 decks)

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