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organic synthesis reactions Flashcards

1
Q

alkane to haloalkane

A
  • gaseous halogen
  • UV light
  • 300C
  • radical substitution
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2
Q

alkane to combustion products

A
  • oxygen and heat
  • combustion
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3
Q

alkene to alkane

A
  • H2 and Ni catalyst 150
  • (or Pt catalyst)
  • hydrogenation/addition
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4
Q

alkene to haloalkane (one halogen)

A
  • HX (g) where X is a halogen atom
  • electrophilic addition
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5
Q

alkene to dihaloalkane (2 halogens)

A
  • X2 (g) or (aq) where X is a halogen atom
  • electrophilic addition
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6
Q

alkene to alcohol

A
  • steam with a catalyst
  • dilute H2SO4 or H3PO4
  • 300C
  • hydration
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7
Q

alkene to polymer

A
  • addition polymerisation
  • various conditions often high temp and pressure
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8
Q

haloalkane to alcohol (alkali)

A
  • warm aqueous alkali e.g. NaOH in methanol
  • heat under reflux
  • nucleophilic substitution
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9
Q

haloalkane to alcohol (water)

A
  • H2O and warm (water bath or reflux)
  • nucleophilic substitution
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10
Q

haloalkane to amine

A
  • conc ammonia in ethanol
  • heat
  • nucleophilic substitution
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11
Q

haloalkane to nitrile

A
  • NaCN with HCL to make HCN
  • reflux
  • nucleophilic substitution
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12
Q

alcohol to combustion products

A
  • O2 and heat
  • combustion
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13
Q

alcohol to aldehyde

A
  • primary alcohol with K2Cr2O7 in dilute H2SO4
  • heat (distill)
  • oxidation
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14
Q

alcohol to ketone

A
  • secondary alcohol with K2Cr2O7 in distilled H2SO4
  • and heat (reflux)
  • oxidation
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15
Q

alcohol to carboxylic acid

A
  • primary alcohol with K2Cr2O7 in dilute H2SO4
  • heat (reflux)
  • oxidation
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16
Q

alcohol to alkene

A
  • concentrated H2SO4 or H3PO4
  • 170-180C
  • can use reflux
  • dehydration/elimination
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17
Q

alcohol to haloalkane

A
  • NaBr (for bromoalkane)
  • H2SO4
  • halide substitution
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18
Q

alcohol to ester

A
  • carboxylic acid and conc H2SO4
  • heat (reflux)
  • oxidation
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19
Q

aldehyde/ketone to alcohol

A
  • NaBH4 in methanol
  • at RTP
  • nucleophilic addition/reduction
20
Q

aldehyde/ketone to nitrile

A
  • NaCN with HCl to make HCN
  • nucleophilic addition
21
Q

carboxylic acid to ester

A
  • alcohol
  • conc H2SO4
  • heat under reflux
  • esterification/condensation
22
Q

carboxylic acid to salts

A
  • add metal/metal oxide/metal hydroxide or metal carbonate to form carboxylate salt
  • neutralisation
23
Q

carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

A
  • SOCL2
  • RTP
  • substitution
24
Q

acid anhydride to ester

A
  • add alcohol
  • RTP
  • esterification/condensation
25
acyl chloride to ester
- add alcohol at RTP - esterification/condensation
26
acyl chloride to amide
- for primary amide add conc NH3(aq) - for secondary amide add amine at RTP - condensation
27
ester to carboxylic acid and alcohol (acidic)
- dilute strong acid HCl - gently heat/reflux - acid hydrolysis
28
ester to carboxylate and alcohol
- dilute NaOH - heat gently/reflux - base hydrolysis
29
amine to salt
- add acid HCl - RTP
30
amino acid to ester
- alcohol - conc H2SO4 - heat under reflux - esterification
31
amino acid to salt (acidic conditions)
- add acid HCL - neutralisation
32
amino acid to salt (alkaline conditions)
- add metal/metal oxide/metal hydroxide or metal carbonate to form carboxylate - neutralisation
33
nitrile to amine
nitrile = C triple bond N - H2 and Ni catalyst at 150 - (can use Pt catalyst) - or LiAlH4 - dry ether
34
nitrile to carboxylic acid
- dilute strong acid HCl - reflux - acid hydrolysis
35
polyester to carboxylic acid and alcohol
- dilute strong acid HCl - heat gently/reflux - acid hydrolysis
36
polyester to carboxylate and alcohol
- dilute NaOH - reflux - base hydrolysis
37
polyamide to carboxylic acid and amino salt
- dilute strong acid HCl - reflux - acid hydrolysis
38
polyamide to carboxylate and amine
- dilute NaOH - heat - base hydrolysis
39
benzene to nitrobenzene
- conc H2SO4 (catalyst) - conc HNO3 - below 50C - relfux - electrophilic substitution/nitration
40
benzene to halobenzene
- halogen and halogen carrier ie AgCl3 - warm/reflux - electrophilic substitution/halogenation
41
benzene to alkylbenzene
- chloroalkane e.g. CH3Cl - heat/reflux - electrophilic substitution/ friedel crafts alkylation
42
benzene to acylbenzene
- acyl chloride (CH3COCl) - warm/reflux - electrophilic substitution/ friedel crafts acylation
43
benzene to cyclohexane
- H2 and ni catalyst - 150C - addition
44
nitrobenzne to phenylamine
- Sn and conc HCl - heat under reflux - neutralise with NaOH - reduction
45
phenol to halogenated phenol
- Cl2 or Br2 - (2,4 directing) - electrophilic substitution/halogenation
46
phenol to nitrophenol
- dilute HNO3 (no catalyst needed) - 2,4 directing - electrophilic substitution/nitration
47
phenol to phenoxide
- add NaOH or Na - RTP

chemistry (37 decks)

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