organic synthesis reactions Flashcards
alkane to haloalkane
- gaseous halogen
- UV light
- 300C
- radical substitution
alkane to combustion products
- oxygen and heat
- combustion
alkene to alkane
- H2 and Ni catalyst 150
- (or Pt catalyst)
- hydrogenation/addition
alkene to haloalkane (one halogen)
- HX (g) where X is a halogen atom
- electrophilic addition
alkene to dihaloalkane (2 halogens)
- X2 (g) or (aq) where X is a halogen atom
- electrophilic addition
alkene to alcohol
- steam with a catalyst
- dilute H2SO4 or H3PO4
- 300C
- hydration
alkene to polymer
- addition polymerisation
- various conditions often high temp and pressure
haloalkane to alcohol (alkali)
- warm aqueous alkali e.g. NaOH in methanol
- heat under reflux
- nucleophilic substitution
haloalkane to alcohol (water)
- H2O and warm (water bath or reflux)
- nucleophilic substitution
haloalkane to amine
- conc ammonia in ethanol
- heat
- nucleophilic substitution
haloalkane to nitrile
- NaCN with HCL to make HCN
- reflux
- nucleophilic substitution
alcohol to combustion products
- O2 and heat
- combustion
alcohol to aldehyde
- primary alcohol with K2Cr2O7 in dilute H2SO4
- heat (distill)
- oxidation
alcohol to ketone
- secondary alcohol with K2Cr2O7 in distilled H2SO4
- and heat (reflux)
- oxidation
alcohol to carboxylic acid
- primary alcohol with K2Cr2O7 in dilute H2SO4
- heat (reflux)
- oxidation
alcohol to alkene
- concentrated H2SO4 or H3PO4
- 170-180C
- can use reflux
- dehydration/elimination
alcohol to haloalkane
- NaBr (for bromoalkane)
- H2SO4
- halide substitution
alcohol to ester
- carboxylic acid and conc H2SO4
- heat (reflux)
- oxidation
aldehyde/ketone to alcohol
- NaBH4 in methanol
- at RTP
- nucleophilic addition/reduction
aldehyde/ketone to nitrile
- NaCN with HCl to make HCN
- nucleophilic addition
carboxylic acid to ester
- alcohol
- conc H2SO4
- heat under reflux
- esterification/condensation
carboxylic acid to salts
- add metal/metal oxide/metal hydroxide or metal carbonate to form carboxylate salt
- neutralisation
carboxylic acid to acyl chloride
- SOCL2
- RTP
- substitution
acid anhydride to ester
- add alcohol
- RTP
- esterification/condensation
acyl chloride to ester
- add alcohol at RTP
- esterification/condensation
acyl chloride to amide
- for primary amide add conc NH3(aq)
- for secondary amide add amine at RTP
- condensation
ester to carboxylic acid and alcohol (acidic)
- dilute strong acid HCl
- gently heat/reflux
- acid hydrolysis
ester to carboxylate and alcohol
- dilute NaOH
- heat gently/reflux
- base hydrolysis
amine to salt
- add acid HCl
- RTP
amino acid to ester
- alcohol
- conc H2SO4
- heat under reflux
- esterification
amino acid to salt (acidic conditions)
- add acid HCL
- neutralisation
amino acid to salt (alkaline conditions)
- add metal/metal oxide/metal hydroxide or metal carbonate to form carboxylate
- neutralisation
nitrile to amine
nitrile = C triple bond N
- H2 and Ni catalyst at 150
- (can use Pt catalyst)
- or LiAlH4
- dry ether
nitrile to carboxylic acid
- dilute strong acid HCl
- reflux
- acid hydrolysis
polyester to carboxylic acid and alcohol
- dilute strong acid HCl
- heat gently/reflux
- acid hydrolysis
polyester to carboxylate and alcohol
- dilute NaOH
- reflux
- base hydrolysis
polyamide to carboxylic acid and amino salt
- dilute strong acid HCl
- reflux
- acid hydrolysis
polyamide to carboxylate and amine
- dilute NaOH
- heat
- base hydrolysis
benzene to nitrobenzene
- conc H2SO4 (catalyst)
- conc HNO3
- below 50C
- relfux
- electrophilic substitution/nitration
benzene to halobenzene
- halogen and halogen carrier ie AgCl3
- warm/reflux
- electrophilic substitution/halogenation
benzene to alkylbenzene
- chloroalkane e.g. CH3Cl
- heat/reflux
- electrophilic substitution/ friedel crafts alkylation
benzene to acylbenzene
- acyl chloride (CH3COCl)
- warm/reflux
- electrophilic substitution/ friedel crafts acylation
benzene to cyclohexane
- H2 and ni catalyst
- 150C
- addition
nitrobenzne to phenylamine
- Sn and conc HCl
- heat under reflux
- neutralise with NaOH
- reduction
phenol to halogenated phenol
- Cl2 or Br2
- (2,4 directing)
- electrophilic substitution/halogenation
phenol to nitrophenol
- dilute HNO3 (no catalyst needed)
- 2,4 directing
- electrophilic substitution/nitration
phenol to phenoxide
- add NaOH or Na
- RTP
