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chemistry > carboxylic acids and esters > Flashcards

carboxylic acids and esters Flashcards

1
Q

what is the functional group of a carboxylic acid

A
  • COOH

(C=O and C-OH)

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2
Q

how do you name carboxylic acids?

A

-oic acid

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3
Q

explain whether carboxylic acids are soluble in water and what influences their solubility

A
  • dissolve in polar substances like water
  • because hydrogen bonds can form between the oxygen in the carboxyl group and hydrogen in water
  • or hydrogen in the carboxyl group (C=O) can form hydrogen bonds with oxygen in the water
  • the hydrocarbon chain is non-polar so it doesn’t dissolve, the longer the chain the less soluble the carboxylic acid is
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4
Q

what are the intermolecular forces in carboxylic acids

A

hydrogen bonds in solid state - very strong

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5
Q

what are esters (what are they formed from), functional group and their general formula?

A
  • formed from carboxylic acids and alcohols
  • RCOOR’
  • (C=O) and (C-O-C)
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6
Q

write an equation for the reaction of ethanoic acids with propan-1-ol

A

CH3COOH + CH3CH2CH2OH -> CH3COOCH2CH2CH3 + H2O

(propyl ethanoate)

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7
Q

how do you name esters

A
  • start with alcohol group that has replaced the hydrogen
  • then acid part
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8
Q

what characteristic properties do esters have

A
  • volatile (easily evaporated at normal temperatures)
  • pleasant fruity smells
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9
Q

what are some uses of esters

A
  • flavourings
  • perfumes
  • solvents (short chain only)
  • plasticisers
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10
Q

how could you distinguish carboxylic acids from other -OH containing compounds

A
  • add NaHCO3
  • acids will produce sodium salt, water and carbon dioxide
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11
Q

write an equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with NaOH

(carboxylic acid plus NaOH makes what?)

A

CH3COOH + NaOH -> H2O + CH3COO-Na+

a carboxylate salt

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12
Q

write an equation or the reaction of ethanoic acid with Na2CO3

A

2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 -> 2CH3COO-Na+ + H2O + CO2

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13
Q

write an equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with calcium oxide

A

2CH3COOH + CaO -> (CH3COO)2Ca + H2O

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14
Q

describe the acidity of carboxylic acids

A
  • carboxylic acids are weak acids
  • dissociate partially to form H+ and a carboxylate ion
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15
Q

describe the reactions of carboxylic acids as weak acids

A
  • they react with carbonates to form salt, water and carbon dioxide
  • react with bases to form a salt and water
  • react with metals to produce salt and hydrogen
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16
Q

what catalyst is needed for the formation of esters from alcohols and carboxylic acids

A

conc strong acid
e.g. H2SO4

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17
Q

what catalyst is needed for the hydrolysis of esters

A

dilute strong acid
e.g. H2SO4

18
Q

what is an alternative method of hydrolysis

A

base hydrolysis

19
Q

what are the advantages of base hydrolysis

A
  • reaction goes to completion due to neutralisation by base
  • more product in the mixture than acid catalysed hydrolysis
20
Q

what are carboxylic acid derivatives

A

molecules that have the acyl group (-COCL) on their first carbon as a part of their structure, formed from carboxylic acids

21
Q

name 2 acid derivatives and give their functional groups

A
  • acyl chlorides: RCOCL
  • acid anhydrides: RCOOCR / (RCO)2O
22
Q

how do you form an acyl chloride

A

react a carboxylic acid with SOCL2

23
Q

how do you name an acyl chloride

A
  • oyl chloride
24
Q

if the nucleophile is ammonia for the acylation of acyl chlorides/acid anhydrides what are the products of the reaction

A

an amide

25
Q

write an equation for the reaction of ethanoyl chloride and ammonia

A

CH3COCL + 2NH3 -> CH3CONH2 + NH4Cl

26
Q

if the nucleophile is a primary amine, what are the products of the acylation of acyl chlorides or acid anhydrides

A

n-substituted amine

27
Q

write an equation for the reaction of ethanoyl chloride and methaylamine

A

CH3COCl + CH3NH2 -> CH3CONHCH3 + CH3NH3Cl

28
Q

write the equation for the reaction of ethanoyl chloride and methalyamine

A

CH3COCl + CH3NH2 -> CH3CONH2CH3 + HCl

29
Q

if the nucleophile is an alcohol, what are the products of the acylation of acyl chlorides or acid anhydries

A

an ester

30
Q

write an equation for the reaction of ehtanoyl chloride and ethanol

A

CH3COCl + CH3CH2OH -> CH3COOCH2CH3 + HCl

31
Q

if the nucleophile is water what are the products of the acylation of acyl chlorides or acid anhydries

A

carboxylic acid
hydrolysis produces an ester linkage

32
Q

what is the name of this reaction (the acylation of acyl chlorides/acid anhydries) with water as a nucleophile

A

hydrolysis

33
Q

write an equation for the reaction of ehtanoyl chloride and water

A

CH3COCl + H2O -> CH3COOH + HCl

34
Q

what is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?

A
  • COOH

(C=O and C-OH)

35
Q

what is produced when acyl chlorides react with water

A

carboxylic acids and HCl gas

36
Q

what is produced when acyl chlorides react with ammonia

A
  • amides and HCl gas
37
Q

what is produced when acyl chlorides react with alcohol

A

esters and HCl gas

38
Q

what is produced when acyl chlorides react with primary amines

A

produce n substituted amides and HCl gas

39
Q

what is produced when an acid anhydride reacts with alcohol

A
  • esters
40
Q

compare the reaction of an acid anhydride with alcohol to the reaction of an acyl chloride with alcohol

A

less vigorous than acyl chlorides

chemistry (37 decks)

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