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chemistry > carbonyl compounds > Flashcards

carbonyl compounds Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the carbonyl group?

A

C=O

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2
Q

what is the functional group and general formula for aldehyde

A
  • RCHO
  • (C double bonded to O, single bond to H and R)
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3
Q

what is the functional group for a ketone

A

RCOR’ (C double bonded to O)

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4
Q

how do you differentiate between an aldehyde and a ketone?

A
  1. in an aldehyde C=O is at the end, in a ketone it is attached to an inner carbon
  2. aldehydes end in -al, ketones end in -one
  3. aldehydes can be oxidised, ketones can’t
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5
Q

how do you name aldehydes

A
  • al suffix
  • (C=O is on the end of chain)
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6
Q

how do you name ketones

A
  • -one suffix
  • (designate number for which carbon C=O is on)
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7
Q

what kind of intermolecular forces do molecules with the carbonyl group have? why?

A
  • permanent dipole-dipole due to the polar C=O bond
  • (O is negative)
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8
Q

how soluble are carbonyl groups in water? what influences solubility?

A
  • yes
  • form hydrogen bonds between water molecules and oxygen of C=O
  • as C chain length increases, solubility decreases
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9
Q

what bond in carbonyl compounds is usually involved in reactions?why?

A
  • C=O
  • due to the polarity of the bond difference in electronegativity between C and O
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10
Q

what is the strongest bond in carbonyl compounds?

A

C=O

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11
Q

why is the addition of HCN important?

A
  • increases the length of the carbon chain by 1 carbon atom
  • allowing more useful molecules to be made
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12
Q

will the product of HCN added to a carbonyl compound have optical isomers? why?

A
  • yes they will
  • in the aldehyde/ketone the carbonyl carbon is planar
  • :CN- can attack from either side above or below
  • forming two enantiomers
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13
Q

what is the name of the product when HCN is added to a carbonyl compound

A

hydroxynitriles

(OH and CN groups)

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14
Q

what carbon is the OH group attached to in a hydroxnitrile formed from a ketone

A

inner carbon

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15
Q

what carbon is the OH group attached to in a hydroxnitrile formed from an aldehyde

A

terminal carbon

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16
Q

what is Fehling’s solution? what colour is it?

A
  • copper complex ions
  • blue
17
Q

what happens when an aldehyde is added to fehiling’s solution?

A

reduced to Cu+ ions → colour change to brick red ppt

18
Q

what happens when a ketone is added to Fehiling’s solution?

A

no visible change → stays blue

19
Q

how do you test for a carbonyl compound?

A
  • use Brady’s reagent (H2SO4 dissolved in methanol)
  • if a carbonyl compound is present an orange precipitate is formed
  • can be identified against a library of known melting points of derivatives (carbonyl compounds produces different derivatives)
20
Q

what is in tollen’s reagent?

A

silver complex ions [Ag(NH3)2]+ in colourless solution

21
Q

what happens when an aldehyde is added to tollens reagent?

A

silver mirror forms

as Ag+ is reduced to Ag (s)

22
Q

what happens when a ketone is added to tollens reagent?

A

no visible change

23
Q

what is another oxidising agent for alcohols and aldehydes? what change in colour does this undergo?

A
  • acidified potassium dichromate (VI) - H2SO4 and K2Cr2O7
  • colour change from orange → green
24
Q

what are the reducing agents for aldehydes and ketones? what ions does this release in solution?

A
  • NaBH4 (sodium tetrahydriodoborate III)
    -releases H- ion
25
Q

how do you convert an aldehyde to form a carboxylic acid?

A
  • oxidation of aldehydes using Cr2O7 2- / H+
  • i.e K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
26
Q

what is the name for the mechanism of a reduction of an aldehyde

A

nucleophilic addition

27
Q

when reduced what do aldehydes form

A

primary alcohols

28
Q

when reduced what do ketones form

A

secondary alcohols

29
Q

how do you represent a reducing agent

A

[H]

30
Q

what is an aldehyde oxidised into

A

carboxylic acid

chemistry (37 decks)

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