Organic Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

How are nitrile formed

A

Haloalkane + NaCN + ethanol = nitrile + salt

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2
Q

How are hydroxynitriles formed

A

Aldehyde/ketone + HCN = hydroxynitrile

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3
Q

Why might HCN not be used and what may replace it

A

Poisonous gas

NaCN

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4
Q

How are amines produced

A

Reduction
Nitrile + H2 = amine
Nickel catalyst

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5
Q

How can carboxylic acids be formed from nitrile

A

Nitrile + H2O +Hcl = carboxylic acid + ammonium chloride

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6
Q

Describe alkylation

A

Transfer of alkyl group from haloalkane to benzene ring using friedel crafts catalyst

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7
Q

Describe acylation

A

Production of aromatic ketone from acyl chloride and benzene using friedel craft catalyst

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8
Q

Describe filtration under reduced pressure

A

Attach pressure tubing to vaccum pump and buchner flask

Attach buchner funnel to flaks using rubber bung

Turn on vaccum pump
Add filter paper and check for suction
Wet with solvent

Add solution to funnel
Rinse beaker with solvent and add to funnel

Leave for 5 mins

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9
Q

What equipment is used in filtration under reduced pressure

A
Buchner funnel and flask
Pressure tuning
Vaccum pump
Filter paper
Rubber bung
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10
Q

Describe how recrystalisation works

A
Add dry impure sample to beaker
Add solvent and heat
(use min volume possible)
Leave to cool
Filter under reduced pressure
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11
Q

Compare the melting point an impure sample to a pure one

A

Lower mp

Over a larger range

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12
Q

Describe how you would prepare a sample for melting point determination

A

Ensure sample is dry and free flowing

Heat one end of cappilary tube over bunsen to seal one end

Allow to cool
Press into sample 3mm deep

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13
Q

What are the different ways to determine melting point

A

Electrical and theile tube

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14
Q

Describe electrical determination of mp

A

Add capillary tube and thermometer into holes

Use rapid heat setting
Record temp at which sample begins to melt (use magnifying window)

Allow to cool

Repeat using low setting when approaching mp

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15
Q

Describe how you would use a thiele tube to determine mp

A

Set up thiele tube or oil bath

Place thermometer and capillary tube through bung

Clamp

Heat arm or beaker using microburner

Record temp at which sample begins to melt

Cool and repeat going slower

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16
Q

Describe the steps of recrystalisation

A

Dissolve and hot filter

Slow crystallisation and filtration

Drying

17
Q

Describe the importance of dissolving and filtration in recrystallisation

A

Dissolves product and soluble impurities

Removed insoluble impurities left on filter paper

18
Q

Describe the importance of Slow crystallisation and filtration in recrystallisation

A

Allows aspirin to Preciptitae out of solution
Leaving souble impurities behind

Aspirin on filter paper

Fast crystallisation= soluble impurities within aspirin crystals

19
Q

Describe the importance of Drying in recrystallisation

A

Allows solvent to evaporate leaving pure product