Amine, Amino Acids And Amides Flashcards
What are amines
Ammonia derivatives where the hydrogens are replaced with alkyl groups
What PH are amines, why
High
Alkali as able to accept proton (H)
How are amines classified
Based on how many hydrogens have been replaced
Primary, secondary, tertiary
What shape and bond angles are amines
Pyramidal 107
What occurs as chain length of amines increases
Basicity increases
How are amines named
Primary : Use suffix (after) amino to alkyl name
2/3 Use di and tri alkyl when same alkyl used each time
Use N-alkyl and then longest alkyl and amine
If NH2 is in middle of chain then use x-aminoalkyl x=position on chain
(N-methylethylamine)
Cyclic- use same principles adding name of cyclical alkyl group
What ions do amines form
Positive ammonium ions
What occurs when an amine is reacted with an acid
Neutralisation
Salt forms
How do you form a primary amine
Nucleophillic substitution
Haloalkane and ammonia = ammonium salt
+ sodium hydroxide = amine + salt + water
What conditions are required to form primary amines and why
Ethanol (water will cause alcohols to form)
Excess ammonia (prevent further substitution)
How are 2/3 amines formed
Amine + haloalkane = ammonium salt
+ sodium hydroxide = amine
How are aromatic amines formed
Nitrobenzene + tin + acid = salt
+ sodium hydroxide =amine
Define amphoteric
Base and acid at the same time like Amino acids
What type of ion do Amino acids form, why
Zwitterion
Both positive and negetive
In what states are Amino acids in neutral, acidic and alkaline PH’s
Acidic = NH3+ COOH
Alkali= COO- NH2
neutral= reversible between COO- NH3+ and COOH NH3
How can Amino acids be esterified
Add alcohol and conc sulphuric acid
What are Amides
Molecule with amide linkage
C=O
|
N-H
How are Amides formed
Acyl chloride and amine or ammonia
How do you name amides
1 oic acid/ acyl chloride to amide
2/3 N-alkyl then ^^
Define optical isomerism
Type of stereoisomerism
Non-superimposable mirror images
What must be true of an optical isomer
Central atom (carbon)
4 different groups attached
Define condensation Polymerisation
Joining of many monomers with removal of a small molecule
Water or Hcl
How are polyesters formed
Carboxylic acid and alcohol groups
One or two different monomers
Removal of water
How are polyamide formed
Amine group and carboxylic or acyl chloride group
Amide linkage forms
Removal of water of Hcl
How are polyesters hydrolysed
Acid
COOH and OH
Base
COO- and OH salt
How are polyamides hydrolysed
Acid
NH3+ and COOH
base
NH2 and COO- salt
