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Chemistry > Alcohols > Flashcards

Alcohols Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the functional group of haloalkanes?

A

Haloalkane

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2
Q

What is the alcohol functional group

A

OH

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3
Q

Describe and explain the polarity in alcohol molecules

A

Polar molecules because oxygen is more En than C causing dipole

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4
Q

As chain length of alcohols increases what occurs to their properties?

A

Become more similar to that of the same alkane

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5
Q

Describe and explain the volatility of alcohols

A

Not very volatile

High BP due to hydrogen bonds

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6
Q

Compare the volatility of alcohols and alkanes of the same chain length

A

Alcohols have higher volatility

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7
Q

Describe and explain the solubility of alcohols

A

Soluble in water

Can form H bonds with water molecules due to OH group (H and lone pair on O)

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8
Q

What occurs to the solubility of alcohols as the chain length increases?

A

Decreases so becomes similar to alkanes

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9
Q

Describe the classification of alcohols

A

Depending on how many C bonded to C bonded to OH

1° 2 ° 3 °

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10
Q

Describe the combustion of alcohols

A

Complete combustion in excess O2

Very exothermic so good fuel

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11
Q

Describe how the energy released via combustion of alcohols changes as chain length increases

A

More exothermic

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12
Q

What functional group do all the product of alcohol oxidation have?

A

Carbonyl (=0)

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13
Q

Name the reagents used in the oxidation of alcohols

A

Acidfied Potassium dichromate

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14
Q

Sate the observation when oxidation of alcohols occurs

A

Orange to green

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15
Q

Name the conditions and classification of the alcohol used to form an aldehyde

A

1°

Distillation

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16
Q

Name the conditions and classification of the alcohol used to form a carboxylic acid

A

1°

Reflux

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17
Q

Name the conditions and classification of the alcohol used to form a ketone

A

2°

Reflux

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18
Q

Why is potassium dichromate hazardous

A

Carcinogenic

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19
Q

What do aldehydes end in

A

Al

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20
Q

What do carboxylic end in

A

Oic acid

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21
Q

What do ketones end in

A

One

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22
Q

What do esters end in

A

Ethyl

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23
Q

Why is potassium dichromate added in excess to form carboxylic acid

A

To ensure all the aldehyde is oxidised

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24
Q

What is formed when an alcohol is oxidised

A

A carbonyl and water

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25
Q

What occurs when a 3° alcohol is oxidised

A

No reaction

Stays orange

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26
Q

What equipment is used in reflux

A

Pear shaped flask
Liebig condenser flask
Reciever adaptor

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27
Q

What equipment is used in distillation

A 
Pear shaped flask
Liebig condenser flask
Reciever
Anti bumping granules
Cold water flask
Test tube
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28
Q

Why are anti bumping granules used

A

To allow a calm boil
Prevent spitting due to water produced evaporates

To prevent dry boiling

29
Q

Describe dehydration of alcohols

A

Elimination reaction of water to produce alkene

30
Q

What are the reagents and conditions used to convert alcohol to alkenes

A

Acid catalyst

Reflux

31
Q

How are alcohols formed

A

Fermentation

Alkene + steam + acid catalyst

32
Q

How do you form a haloalkane from an alcohol

A

Add sodium halides and acid to alcohol

33
Q

Describe what occurs when sodium bromide and acid are added to an alcohol

A

Bromide combines with hydrogen to form hydrogen bromide

Bromide displaces OH

34
Q

What is signified when potassium dichromate goes from orange to green

A

Oxidation

35
Q

What colour is universal indicator when a carboxylic acid is produced?

A

Red

36
Q

Whats the difference in the observation when sodium carbonate is added to aldehyde and carboxylic acid

A

Carboxylic acid= effervescence

Aldehyde= nothing

Acid and carbonate produce salt water and co2

37
Q

What are the classifications of haloalkanes and what do they mean

A

1°/2°/3°

How many C bonded to C bonded to Halogen

38
Q

Describe and explain the reactivity of haloalkanes compared to alkanes

A

More reactive

Halogen is more electronegetive so causes dipole

39
Q

Compare and explain the reactivity of F and Br

A

Br more reactive

Larger atomic radius and more shielding meaning less nuclear attraction

So larger bond length, less electronegetive

So weaker bonds so react more easily

40
Q

Why are halobutanes used in investigation of rate of hydrolysis not methanes

A

Butane have longer carbon chain so more electrons and stronger LF so not liquid at rt

41
Q

What is a nucleophile

A

A species able to donate a pair of electrons

42
Q

Name the mechanism for turning haloalkanes into alcohols

A

Nucleophillic substitution

43
Q

Describe nucleophillic substition with sodium hydroxide

A

Hydrodie ions act as nucleophile

OH approaches carbon bonded to Halogen (partial positive charge) on the opposite side of the molecule to the Halogen

OH attacts positive charge and donates electron pair forming a bond with the carbon and substituting the Halogen atom which is left as a halide ion

Carbon Halogen bond breaks via heterolytic fission

44
Q

Why must haloalkanes be heated when hydrolysed

A

Slow reaction otherwise

45
Q

What are the two ways to convert haloalkanes to alcohols?

A

Add sodium hydroxide under reflux

Add aqueous silver nitrate and ethanol

46
Q

Name the mechanism by which haloalkanes are converted to alcohols

A

Hydrolysis

47
Q

Why is ethanol added to haloalkanes and aqueous silver nitrate to convert them to alcohols?

A

Haloalkanes are not soluble in water so are dissolved in ethanol

48
Q

How can you measure the rate of hydrolysis of haloalkanes?

A

Used aqueous silver nitrate

The displaced Halogen ions will combine with the silver ions to form a precipitate

49
Q

How can you compare the bond strength of carbon Halogen bonds

A

Add aqueous silver nitrate and ethanol

Water displaces Halogen which combines with silver ion to produce precipitate

Measure how long precipitate takes to form

Short time= weaker bond

50
Q

With what type of nucleophile is an intermediate formed and not formed in hydrolysis of haloalkanes

A

Intermediate = compounds with lone pairs

No intermediate = ions

51
Q

What is the reverse of haloalkane hydrolysis

A

Nucleophillic substitution

52
Q

What is an órganohalogen compound

A

Carbon chain bonded to one or more Halogen atoms

53
Q

What are the uses of órgano halogens?

A 
Refrigerants
Solvents
Aerosol propellants
Flame retardents
Making polymers
54
Q

Why are organohalogens stable

A

Strong carbon Halogen bond

Hard to break down

55
Q

What is ozone and where can it be found

A

Makes up small proportion of ozone in stratosphere

56
Q

What are the benefits of ozone

A

Absorb UV light which would otherwise cause skin cancer, eye crop an immune system damage

57
Q

Why is UV bad for you

A 
UVA
Causes crop damage
Eye damage
Damage immune system
Skin cancer
58
Q

Why is UV good for you

A

Vitamin D

59
Q

What constantly occurs in the ozone layer

A

Ozone breaks down and reforms

60
Q

Why is ozone only broken down in the ozone layer

A

Enough high energy UV radiation

61
Q

What does CFC stand for

A

Chlorofluorocarbons

62
Q

What are the uses for CFCs

A

Refrigerants
Aerosol propellants
Air con

63
Q

Why are chlorine radicals produced and not fluorine radicals when CFC decompose

A

C–Cl weaker than c–F

64
Q

What is the process of free radical production of CFCs

A

Photodissociation

65
Q

What is photodissociation

A

Splitting of bond with radiation

66
Q

What evidence is there that free radicals act as catalysts

A

Regenerated in depletion of ozone

Doesn’t matter what radical it is, the overall equation is always the same

67
Q

How do nitrogen oxide radicals form

A

Lightning

Air travel

68
Q

Name uses for CFCs and link to property

A

Fire extinguisher - non flammable
Degreasing agent - good solvent for organic material
Propellants - unreactive and volatile

69
Q

Why might sodium carbonate be added after the production of an alcohol from an alkene for example?

A

To remove acid impurities

Chemistry (28 decks)

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