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Chemistry > Carbonyl Compounds > Flashcards

Carbonyl Compounds Flashcards

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1
Q

Give the notation of aldehydes

A

RCHO

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2
Q

Give the notation of ketones

A

RCOR

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3
Q

How do you name aldhydes

A

Add al onto alkyl

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4
Q

How do you name ketones

A

Add one onto alkyl

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5
Q

How do you differentiate between aldehydes and ketones via a test

A

Add acidfied Potassium dichromate

Only aldehydes will oxidise causing colour change from orange to green

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6
Q

By what mechanism do carbonyl react, why

A

Nucleophillic addition

Negetive oxygen

Double bond= addition

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7
Q

Why do carbonyl react differently to alkenes

A

The oxygen is more electronegetive

Carbon is partially positive so is attacked by nucleophile

Unlike c=c

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8
Q

How are carbonyls reduced

A

H- acts as nucleophile form NaBH4

Reduces to original alcohol

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9
Q

What are the dangers of HCN

A

It’s a poisonous gas

Very volatile

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10
Q

Why might HCN be used?

A

To increase carbon chain length

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11
Q

Describe the reaction between a nucleophile and a carbonyl

A

Nucleophile attacks partially positive carbon by donating a pair of electrons forming dative bond

Pi bond in c=o breaks by heterolytic fission so oxygen has a lone pair and is negetive

Lone pair on O2 os donate to a H+ in acid or H2O

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12
Q

Describe the qualitative test for a carbonyl bond

A

2,4-DNP / 2,4-DNPH/ Brady reagent

Yellow to orange

Preciptitae formed.

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13
Q

How do you determine the carbonyl used once you’ve added 2,4-DNP

A

Recrystalise and purify precipitate

Test melting point and compare to data base

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14
Q

Why does care need to be taken when using 2,4-DNP

A

It’s hazardous

Friction or a blow will cause explosion

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15
Q

How do you differentiate between a ketone and aldehyde without reflux

A

Use tollens reagent

Oxidses aldehydes to carboxylic acid

Silver mirror produced

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16
Q

How is tollens reagent made and why

A

Short self life

Silver nitrate, aqueous ammonia and sodium hydroxide

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17
Q

What are the results for addition of Fehlings solution

A

Aldehyde= blue to red

Ketone = not change

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18
Q

How do you name carboxylic acids

A

Place oic acid at end of alkyl name

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19
Q

Are carboxylic acids soluble, why

A

Yes

Hydrogen bonds with water molecules via OH or c=o

20
Q

What occurs to the solubility of carboxylic acids as carbon chain increases, why

A

Solubility decreases and non-polar chain has greater effect

21
Q

What do carboxylic acids undergo redox with, what is produced

A

Metals

Carboxylate salt from Carboxylate ion

22
Q

What substances react with carboxylic acids in neutralisation

A

Metal oxides and carbonates and alkalis

23
Q

What is produced when metals oxides reacts with a carboxylic acid

A

Salt water

24
Q

What is produced when alkalis reacts with a carboxylic acid

A

Salt water

25
Q

Why might you not observe anything when a carboxylic acid and alkali react

A

They are both in solution

26
Q

What is produced when carbonates reacts with a carboxylic acid

A

Salt water carbon dioxide

27
Q

How do you distinguish between carboxylic acids and phenols

A

Only carboxylic acids are acidic enough to react with carbonates and produce co2

28
Q

What are carboxylic acid derivatives

A

A compound that can be hydrolysed to produce the parent carboxylic acid

29
Q

What are the carboxylic acid derivatives

A

Esters

Acyl chlorides

Acid anhydrides

Amides

30
Q

What do all carboxylic acid derivatives contain

A

Acyl group

Electronegetive atom

31
Q

How do you name esters

A

Alkyl of alcohol chain

Parent carboxylic acids

Oic to oate

32
Q

How do you name acyl chlorides

A

Oic to oyl chloride

Use parent carboxylic acid

33
Q

How are acid anhydrides produced

A

Condensation reaction between two carboxylic acids

34
Q

State the reactants, products and reagents for esterification

A

Alcohol and carboxylic acid

Ester and water

Concentrated sulphuric acid

Reflux

35
Q

Describe how you would do esterification

A

Add acid carboxylic acid and alcohol to test tube

Shake and warm

Cool and add sodium carbonate to remove excess carboxylic acid

36
Q

What are the different methods of hydrolysis of esters

A

Via acids, alkaline

37
Q

Describe the different methods of esterification

A

Alcohol and carboxylic acid

Acid anhydrides or acyl chloride and alcohol or phenol

38
Q

Describe acid hydrolysis or esters

A

Reverse of esterification

Reflux with Dilute sulphuric acid

Produce alcohol and carboxylic acid

39
Q

Describe alkaline hydrolysis of esters

A

Saponification

Irreversible

Reflux with OH-

Carboxylate salt and alcohol formed

40
Q

How do you prepare and acyl chloride

A

React carboxylic acid and thionyl chloride

Produce SO2 and Hcl gas which are toxic

41
Q

What do acyl chloride react with

A

Nucleophile

Alcohols and phenol and water

42
Q

What does the hydrolysis or acyl chlorides require and produce

A

Requires water

Carboxylic acid and Hcl

Very violent

43
Q

Which is more reactive:

Acyl chlorides

Acid anhydrides

A

Acyl chlorides

44
Q

When might acid anhydrides be used

A

Instead of acyl chlorides in esterification and production of carboxylic acids via hydrolysis

Less reactive and No Hcl

45
Q

What does the reaction between acyl chloride and ammonia produce

A

Primary amide and ammonium chloride

Chemistry (28 decks)

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