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1 1 1 AAAAAAA A A A ALevel Chemistry Me > Organic Reactions > Flashcards

Organic Reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

Radical sub

Alkane + halogen = halolakne

A

Intiation = halogen to 2 radicals due to energy from UV rays from sun
Propagation
Radical + alkane = alkane radical + h halogen
Alkane radical + halogen = halogen radical + new product
Termination = any radicals combining

1) substition at differnt points ( differnt isomers formed)
2) further substitution

These both tend away from the product you desire, not a good way to make Halolakanes basiclaly

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2
Q

Alkene + hydrogen

Conditions

A

Alkane , 423k nickel catalyst

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3
Q

Alkene + water

A

Alcohol but water must be steam, conc phosphuric acid catalyst

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4
Q

Alkene + hydrogen halide / halogen

A

Halolakane
Electrophilic addition

Csn form 2 products, use markownikoff rule / stability to determine

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5
Q

1) primary alchol oxidise to aldehyde

CONDITIONs, catalysts, colour changes, products and reactants

A

Heat under DISTILLATION

Requires [O] and acidified potassium dichromate as catalyst

Produces ONE H2O when aldehyde made

Orange to green

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6
Q

Primary alchol oxidise to carboxylic

A

Heat under REFLUX with excess H2So4/ K2cr2o7

Alchol + 2[O] becomes carbox and 1 water again

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7
Q

Secondary alchol oxiside to ketone

A

Reflux
Acidified dichromate

1 O , 1 water

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8
Q

Dehydration alcohol

A

Alcohol to alkene, and water

Phosphoric acid conc catalyst

Heat under reflux

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9
Q

Substitution with hydrogen halide

A

Alchol becomes halolakane
-react with NAhalide and H2so4 under reflux
- hydrogen halide produced in vitu
- this reacts and substitutes to make halolaken and water

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10
Q

Halolakane + / NAOH
(AQEOUS alkali)

A

Becomes Alcholo again by NUCLEOPHILIC substition restcion

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11
Q

Nitration of benzene
REACTANTS AND CONDTIONS EXACT

Show the role of catalyst

A

50°
H2SO4 CONCENTRATED catalyst
CONCENTRATED nitric acid

Electrophikic substition

1) HNO3 + H2SO4–> NO2 + + Hso4- + h2o
Then H+ + Hso3 - —> H2So4 regenerated again

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12
Q

Halogenation of benzene
Show role of catalyst

Alkylation

Acylstiom

Resctsnt needed, products

A

Rewuired halogen carrier of same type

1) br 2 + AlBr3 —> AlBr4 - + Br +
2) H+ + AlBr4- —> HBr and AlBr3 regenerated

Alkylation = haloalkane and carrier
- extends the carbon chain
Acylation = ACYL CHLROIDE and carrier
- creates an aromatic ketone !

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13
Q

How to distinguish between phenols and carboxykic acids and why

A

Phenols are very weak acids, carbox is strong weak acid

Thus phenols can’t react with weak base like cabrinste

So react both with carbojsbte, which ever effervescence is CARBOX

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14
Q

Phenol and bromine water reavtion
1) observation (IMPORTANT)
2) new reaction condtions

A

This takes place WITHOUT halogen carrier

And forms up to 3 substations

This DECOLOURISES bromine water this time forming a WHITE PRECIPITATE TOO

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15
Q

Nitration of phenol

New condtions

What products made?

A

1) weak nitric acid + NO SULFRIC acid catalyst + ROOM TEMP

  • however can only happen once before ewd effect takes place

Still does 2,4 so two compounds can be made

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16
Q

Why are phenols MORE reactive than benzene, and as a result can deoclorusie bromine water etc

A
  • the lone pair on the oxygen on OH group partially delocalised into the SYSTEM OF PI BONDS
  • this increases the electron density of the pi ring
  • as a result the electron density on average around any 2 carbons is MORE than regular benzene
  • so can induce a STRONGER dipole , and thus is less more susceptible to electrophilic attack

= therefore can easily deoclorusie bromine

17
Q

What key phrase mention for why phenol / alkene better than benzene?

A

More susceptible to electrophikic attack !

18
Q

What do electron withdrawing groups / activating groups do

A

Ewd reduced electron density, meaning harder to react now with electrophiles ( higher temps, cstksydtd needed)

Activating activated the system of pi bonds ( ring) and increases electron density making easier to react with nicer conditions

19
Q

Ewd and activating groups we must know SPEC

A

Nh2 is activating
oh activating (obviously)
No2 is deactivating

20
Q

What groups are 2 4 directing and what groups are 3 directing

A

All activating are 2 4 , except halogens which are DEACTIVSTIMG and 2 4

All deactivating are 3

21
Q

ORGANIC SYNTHESIS, MAY FORM 2 PRODUCTS DUE TO 2 4 DIRECTING, WHAT TO MAKE SURE TO DO

A

Must make sure to SEPARATE THESE

22
Q

Describe the resitivity of a carbonyl group and thus what reactions it takes part in

A

It has a double bond, so thing it would react like an alkene?
- the bond is POLAR HOWEVER due to electronegativity differences.
- therefore it can attract NUCLEOPHILES

And thus take part in NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION REACTIONS

23
Q

Reduction of ketoje , aldehyde , both ways

Reactants

A

By NABH4/ h20, 2 H , makes alcohols

By NACN/ H+. 2 H, makes hydroynitriles

24
Q

How to make acyk chloride

A

SOCl2 thinkyk chloride + carboxylic acid = acyl chrlodie

Produced so2 and hcl so use fume cupboard as toxic

25
Q

4 reactions of acyl chlroide

A

1) alcohols ester
2) phenols ester (only acyl + acid anhydride can do as reactive enough , carbox isn’t)
3) water = carbox
4) ammonia = primary amide, primary amine = secondary amide

26
Q

Reactions of acid anhydide

A

Same as ester ( alchol phenol ester, water cabroxykic , ammonia amine amides)

Less reactive however, could be preferred on lab setting

27
Q

Acid and base hydrolysis

What produced, how to do acid

A

Acid = hot aqueous acid , returns alchol and carbox

  • reflux with water and sukfuric acid , reverse of esterificsrion and reversible In general

AKLAI = hot aqueos base = returns alchol and a SALT

of the carboxylate ion ( irrevsibke hence)

28
Q

How ti make ester

A

Alchol + carbox , sukfuric cinc catlsydt , heat up

Or ester / acid anhydide with phenol /alcohol too

1 1 1 AAAAAAA A A A ALevel Chemistry Me (43 decks)

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