Chapter 11

Question 1

Saturated Hydrocarbon

Answer 1

Contains single carbon carbon bonds only

Question 2

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

Answer 2

Contains at least one MULTIPLE carbon carbon bond (such as double or triple) OR AROMATIC RINGS

Question 3

Aliphatic hydrocarbons

Answer 3

Contain carbon atoms joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non aromatic (not benzene ) rings

Basically not benzene

Question 4

Alicyclics , straight chain / branched chain

Answer 4

Alicyclic is here there is a ring (non aromatic). Can have branches.

Straight chain = on continuous carbin chain only
Branched= shorter side chain attached to continuous carbon chain

Question 5

Aromatic

Difference with aliphatic?

Answer 5

Aromatic are ALWAYS unsaturated and have a benzene ring (circle or lines)

Aliphatic is straight, branched, or alicyclic

Question 6

Homologous series

Answer 6

A family of compounds which Contains same functional group

- and Each successive member differs from previous member by the addition of CH2

Question 7

Functional group

Answer 7

Group of atoms/ atom largely responsible for the characteristic CHEMICAL properties of a compound

Question 8

What is alkyl and why general formula

Answer 8

Alkyl group is stem of a branch, with general for,ulna CnH2n+1, one less then parent alkanes group due to a c and c joining without a hydrogen joining.

Question 9

How to name a compound

Answer 9

1. Identify longest chain and write down what thst organic compund is.
   - If it isn’t just an alkane, you need to mention the position of the thing such as alcohol so OH at one would be but an-1-ol.
2. Then mention anything else in , INCLUDING POSITION OF IT.
3. Always start smaller and remmeber postion, number in front
4. Alphabetical too
5. Apparently they can be CYCLOHEXANOLS, where one alcohol is branched off

Question 10

Isomerism ?

Structural isomers for now

Answer 10

Isomerism is when two or more organic molecules have same molecular Formular but different arrangement of atoms

Structural isomers are compounds with same molecular formale but different STRUCTURAL FORMULAR.

• example of this is like 1 bromopropane compared to 2 bromoproane . Different structure but same molecular = structural isomer

Question 11

Homolytic fission

Answer 11

Covalent bond broken where Esch atom receives one electron from the bonded pair to form two RADICALS.

Basically each get one

SHOWN BY DOT

Question 12

Hetrolhtic fission

Answer 12

Where covalent bond broken and one atom receives both electrons, forming two OPPOSITIVELY Charger IONS instead

Question 13

Then what are radicals?

Answer 13

Radicle are VERY reactive species with an unpaired electrons,

very reactive because need to get rid or gain this electron snd happens after homolytic fission

Question 14

Curly arrow ?

Answer 14

Used to show heterolytic fission, movement of the electron pairs when bond is broken, giving NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE IONS

Question 15

What is organic chemistry

Why carbon special

Answer 15

The chemistry of carbon , or chemistry of compounds from living systems

Being in group 4 means it can form up to 5 covalent bonds, single double or triple

Question 16

What rules do you need to remember for naming?

Answer 16

• Halogens go at start
• Alcohols go at end
• carboxylic acids and aldehydes ALWAYS go at the end , so if alcohol involved = hydroxy

Question 17

What functional groups for aldehydes and ketones and prefix/ suffix?

Answer 17

Aldehydes is c double bond with O and = propanal

Ketones is c double bond with O like mid way
Propanone

Then remember for ketones the number tells you where the double bond is

Question 18

Definition of molecular formula

Answer 18

Shows the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule

Not how atoms joined together and different molecules can have same

Question 19

General formulas for alkanes , alkenes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, ketones

Answer 19

Alkane = CnH2n+2
Alkenes=CnH2n
Alcohols= CnH2n+1OH
Carboxylic acids CnH2nO2 or Cn-1H2n-1COOH
Ketones = CnH2nO
Aldehydes =CnH2n+1Cho

Question 20

Priorities for functional groups,

Answer 20

1) Carboxylic acid
2) aldehyde
3) ketone
4) alcohol
5) amine

Question 21

What happens in addition, substitution, elimination reactions?

Answer 21

1) in addition two reactants join together to form one product (normally double bond = becomes two single)
2) in elimination removal of a small molecule from larger, 1 reactant becomes 2 (Su glue = double )
3) Substitution an atom or group of atoms are replaced by another atom or group of atoms (2 for 2)