Chapter 11 Flashcards
Saturated Hydrocarbon
Contains single carbon carbon bonds only
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
Contains at least one MULTIPLE carbon carbon bond (such as double or triple) OR AROMATIC RINGS
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Contain carbon atoms joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non aromatic (not benzene ) rings
Basically not benzene
Alicyclics , straight chain / branched chain
Alicyclic is here there is a ring (non aromatic). Can have branches.
Straight chain = on continuous carbin chain only
Branched= shorter side chain attached to continuous carbon chain
Aromatic
Difference with aliphatic?
Aromatic are ALWAYS unsaturated and have a benzene ring (circle or lines)
Aliphatic is straight, branched, or alicyclic
Homologous series
A family of compounds which Contains same functional group
- and Each successive member differs from previous member by the addition of CH2
Functional group
Group of atoms/ atom largely responsible for the characteristic CHEMICAL properties of a compound
What is alkyl and why general formula
Alkyl group is stem of a branch, with general for,ulna CnH2n+1, one less then parent alkanes group due to a c and c joining without a hydrogen joining.
How to name a compound
- Identify longest chain and write down what thst organic compund is.
- If it isn’t just an alkane, you need to mention the position of the thing such as alcohol so OH at one would be but an-1-ol. - Then mention anything else in , INCLUDING POSITION OF IT.
- Always start smaller and remmeber postion, number in front
- Alphabetical too
- Apparently they can be CYCLOHEXANOLS, where one alcohol is branched off
Isomerism ?
Structural isomers for now
Isomerism is when two or more organic molecules have same molecular Formular but different arrangement of atoms
Structural isomers are compounds with same molecular formale but different STRUCTURAL FORMULAR.
- example of this is like 1 bromopropane compared to 2 bromoproane . Different structure but same molecular = structural isomer
Homolytic fission
Covalent bond broken where Esch atom receives one electron from the bonded pair to form two RADICALS.
Basically each get one
SHOWN BY DOT
Hetrolhtic fission
Where covalent bond broken and one atom receives both electrons, forming two OPPOSITIVELY Charger IONS instead
Then what are radicals?
Radicle are VERY reactive species with an unpaired electrons,
very reactive because need to get rid or gain this electron snd happens after homolytic fission
Curly arrow ?
Used to show heterolytic fission, movement of the electron pairs when bond is broken, giving NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE IONS
What is organic chemistry
Why carbon special
The chemistry of carbon , or chemistry of compounds from living systems
Being in group 4 means it can form up to 5 covalent bonds, single double or triple
What rules do you need to remember for naming?
- Halogens go at start
- Alcohols go at end
- carboxylic acids and aldehydes ALWAYS go at the end , so if alcohol involved = hydroxy
What functional groups for aldehydes and ketones and prefix/ suffix?
Aldehydes is c double bond with O and = propanal
Ketones is c double bond with O like mid way
Propanone
Then remember for ketones the number tells you where the double bond is
Definition of molecular formula
Shows the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule
Not how atoms joined together and different molecules can have same
General formulas for alkanes , alkenes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, ketones
Alkane = CnH2n+2 Alkenes=CnH2n Alcohols= CnH2n+1OH Carboxylic acids CnH2nO2 or Cn-1H2n-1COOH Ketones = CnH2nO Aldehydes =CnH2n+1Cho
Priorities for functional groups,
1) Carboxylic acid
2) aldehyde
3) ketone
4) alcohol
5) amine
What happens in addition, substitution, elimination reactions?
1) in addition two reactants join together to form one product (normally double bond = becomes two single)
2) in elimination removal of a small molecule from larger, 1 reactant becomes 2 (Su glue = double )
3) Substitution an atom or group of atoms are replaced by another atom or group of atoms (2 for 2)
