Organic Chemistry (Polymers, Hydrocarbons, Etc) Flashcards
What does unsaturated mean?
Fewer Hydrogen than could be present. THEY ARE REACTIVE.
A molecule having double - triple bonds.
What are reactions of Alkenes?
Addition Reactions
What experimental reaction is used to distinguish between alkanes or alkenes?
Bromine Water
- if it is an Alkane, there is no colour change, (no reaction)
- If it is an Alkene, there is a colour change to a COLOURLESS SOLUTION, (reaction present)
What is the formula for alcohols?
Cn H2n + 1 OH
What is the formula for Butanol?
C4H9OH
How are alcohols produced?
Alcohols are produced through HYDRATION, or FERMENTATION
Is alcohol soluble in water, and with what pH?
Alcohol IS soluble in water of pH 7
How can one form carboxylic acids?
Carboxylic acids are formed when Hydroxyls, (alcohols) are OXIDISED
Are alkanes or alkenes saturated?
Alkanes are SATURATED, because they have the most possible hydrogens present in the molecule.
Whereas Alkenes are UNSATURATED, because it does not contain the most hydrogens it can possibly contain in the molecule.
Properties of carboxylic acids -
- Weak acids, (pH 4-5)
- Can react with Carbonates (CO2 + H2O + NaCl)
- Carboxylic acids have high boiling points
Note on Alkenes and Alkanes -
ALKANES and ALKENES are DIFFERENT TYPES of MOLECULE!!!
Suffixes of an Alkane
Alkane - (ane) eg. Prop(ane)
Suffixes of an Alkene
Alkene - (ene) eg. Eth(ene)
Suffixes of Alcohol
Alcohol - (oh) eg. Butan(ol)
Suffixes of Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic Acids - (oic) eg. Pentan(oic) Acid
Suffixes of Esters
Esters - (oate) eg. Ethan(oate)
Properties of Alkanes -
- Alkanes are colourless
- Alkanes are less dense than water, so they FLOAT
- Alkanes are insoluble in water (Do not dissolve in water)
- Non-Polar solvents
Properties of Alkenes -
- They are colourless and odourless in nature
- Alkenes are insoluble in water
- Alkenes are non-polar
Properties of Alcohols -
- Alcohols have higher boiling points compared to other hydrocarbons with equal molecular masses
- Colourless at room temperature
- Soluble in water
Properties of Esters -
- Low boiling points compared to other hydrocarbons
- Soluble in water, but solubility decreases with increasing chain length
- Give off a distinct fruity smell, so can be used as perfumes
Functional group of Alkanes
Alkanes do not have afunctional group, and are often considered as a compound that lacks a functional group
Functional group of Alkenes
C_C Double Bond
Functional Group of Esters
- COO
Functional Group of Alcohols
- OH
Functional Group of Carboxylic Acids
- COOH
Uses of Alkanes -
- Can be used as solvents
- Heating
- Oils
- Fuels
Uses of Alkenes -
- Used to make plastics
- Fuels
- Detergents (cleaning, eg. Soap)
Uses of Carboxylic Acids -
- Used to produce polymers
- Used to make Pharaceutical Drugs
- Solvents
- Food flavourings or additives
Uses of Esters -
- Used in perfumes
- Organic solvents
- Food flavourings
- Essential Oils
Uses of Alcohols -
- Fuel
- Solvent
- Alcoholic drinks
What is a hydrocarbon?
A molecule made of only Hydrogen and Carbon
What is a functional group?
A functional group is a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound
What is Addition Polymerisation?
Addition Polymerisation is a reaction where many unsaturated hydrocarbons (Alkenes) join to make a polymer by opening the double bond to form Addition Polymers.
What are Polymers?
Polymers are long chain molecules, formed by joining lots of MONOMERS together.
What are Monomers?
Monomers are SMALL MOLECULES that can join to other monomers to form a polymer
Note -
Between polymers there are many intermolecular forces.
What is the significance of intermolecular bonds when it comes to polymers?
Intermolecular forces in polymers do NOT need a lot of force to overcome, however due to the large surface area, there are lots of these intermolecular forces, meaning that a lot of energy is required when melting or boiling these simple molecules.
What state are Polymers at room temperature?
They are generally solids at room temperature
What are the melting and boiling properties of Polymers?
the melting and boiling points of Polymers are generally higher than OXYGEN and lower than DIAMOND.
What are Addition Polymers made of?
Addition Polymers are made up of Alkenes (which are the Monomers)
How are addition polymers formed?
Addition Polymers are formed through addition polymerisation, where the double bonds of an Alkene open and the carbon atoms create new bonds with each other in a long chain (to form a polymer (similar to an Alkane))
What is the problem with drawing Polymers in a test?
Reactions to create these polymers often involve hundreds of monomers, so it is impractical to draw them all out. This applies to ALL POLYMERISATION!
How does one draw a polymer in a test?
One would draw the repeating unit (the single monomer) and include it in brackets with (n) representing the rest of the polymer. THIS APPLIES TO ALL POLYMERISATION!
How does one name a polymer?
One takes the name of the MONOMER, and puts it in brackets, and then add ‘poly’ before the monomer in brackets to form, eg. poly(butene)
What is Condensation Polymerisation?
In condensation polymerisation, the monomers must consist of two different functional groups which react together to form a condensation polymer, (or a polyester) with the biproduct of small molecules, (eg. H20)
What is an environmental difference between Condensation Polymers and Addition Polymers?
Condensation Polymers are generally BIODEGRADABLE.
Addition Polymers are NOT BIODEGRADABLE.
What are Synthetic Polymers?
Synthetic Polymers are known as PLASTICS, and they can come with a variety of different USES
What is special about Poly(ethene)?
Poly(ethene) can be made DIFFERENTLY, and can subsequently create different TYPES of Polymer Chains, eg.
- High Density Poly(ethene)
- Low Density poly(ethene)
What are PROPERTIES and USES of High Density Poly Ethene (HDPE)?
Properties - Strong, Flexible, resists shattering, resists chemical attack
Uses - Plastic bottles Pipes, Buckets
What are the PORPERTIES and USES of Low Density Poly Ethene (LDPE)?
Properties - Flexible, Unreactive, can be made into films, eg. Cling Film
Uses - Carrier bags, Bubble wrap
What is the difference in structure between LDPE and HDPE?
HDPE is far more dense, where the polymer chains are packed closer, where as LDPE is far less dense, and the polymer chains are further apart.
HOWEVER THEY ARE BOTH THERMOSOFTENING POLYMERS!
What are the two types of Polymer?
THERMOSOFTENING and THERMOSETTING
What are Thermosoftening Polymers?
- Tangled polymer chains
- No cross-links between chains
- Weak forces of attraction between chains
- Softens when heated
What are Thermosetting Polymers?
- Polymer chains are held together by STRONG COVALENT BONDS (crosslinks) that DO NOT BREAK on HEATING
- Remains HARD when heated
What are the uses of Thermosoftening Polymers (Thermosoftening plastics)?
They can be used for Modelling kits, Kitchen equipment, Packaging, Plastic bottles, etc.
What are the uses of Thermosetting Polymers
(Thermosetting plastics)?
They can be used for, Electrical Fittings, Handles, Control Knobs, Insulation, etc.
What is Glycine?
Glycine is the most simple Amino Acid, and its formula is C2H5NO2
What does the letter, ‘R’ represent in the drawing of proteins?
‘R’ represents the rest of the molecule
What is the monomer of a protein?
Amino Acids
What is the Polymer of a Protein?
Poly Peptides
What do Poly Peptides contain in terms of the monomer?
Poly Peptides contain the same Amino Acids
What do proteins contain in terms of monomers?
Proteins contain Different Amino Acids
What are the 4 stages of the Life Cycle Assessment?
Stage 1 - Extracting and Processing the RAW MATERIALS
Stage 2 - Manufacturing and Packaging the PRODUCT
Stage 3 - Using the PRODUCT
Stage 4 - Disposing of the PRODUCT
What is the Life Cycle of a Plastic Bag?
Stage 1 - Crude Oil is extracted as the raw material
Stage 2 - Hydrocarbons from fractional distillation cracked to form alkenes which are used in polymerisation to produce the Plastic Bag. requires lots of energy.
Stage 3 - plastic Bag is used many times
Stage 4 - NOT BIODEGRADABLE, so when disposed of, takes up space in landfills and harms environment. OR it is recycled and reused.
What is the Life Cycle of a Paper Bag?
Stage 1 - Wood is harvested as the raw material
Stage 2 - Timber has to be pulped, requiring lots of energy and lots of waste
Stage 3 - Used only ONCE
Stage 4 - BIODEGRADABLE, and non-toxic, so either disposed of and does not harm environment
What are the limitations of the Life Cycle Assessment?
- Making the product involves many steps
- Difficult to assess the harm of the product as well
- The process is very complicated, so it can be easily manipulated y companies
(non-related question) What is a possibility as to why Data may be invalid in an experiment?
Information given may be SUBJECTIVE!
good for exam answers
What are some Naturally Occurring Polymers
Proteins, DNA and Carbohydrates
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What are the Monomers, Polymers and Uses of Proteins?
PROTEIN -
Monomer - Amino Acids
Polymer - Poly Peptides
Uses - Can catalyse chemical reactions and strengthen tissues
What are the Monomers, Polymers and Uses of DNA?
DNA -
Monomer - Nucleotides
Polymer - DNA
Uses - Used to store information as a code, (Genes)
What are the Monomers, Polymers and Uses of Carbohydrates?
CARBOHYDRATES -
Monomer - Sugar monomers, monosaccharides, glucose, fructose, etc.
Polymer - Made of Carbon Oxygen and Hydrogen
Uses - Energy storage, structure in plants, (eg. Cellulose)
