Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What are the groups of organic chemistry
Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Chloroalkanes Alcohols Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic acid Esters
Alkanes
Saturated Single bonds Used in LPG Tetrahedronal structure Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Alkenes
Unsaturated
Double bond
Alkynes
Triple bond
Unsaturated
Chlorialkanes
Insoluble in water
Higher boiling point than corresponding alkanes
Non-polar
Alcohol
Has a OH hydroxyl group
Primary alcohol: ethanol
Secondary alcohol: propan-2-ol
Tertiary alcohol: 2-methylpropan-2-ol
Aldehydes
Has a CHO carbonyl group
C=O and H
Ends in anal
Unsaturated
Ethyne
Acetylene gas
Produces a sooty flames when it burns in air
Cutting and wielding
Oxyacetylene torch
Methylbenzene
Toluene
Used in explosives like TNT, trinitrotoluene
Crude oil
Heated in furnace
Boiling points condense at specific bubble caps
Small chains at the top with a low boiling point
LPG
Liquified petroleum gas
A mixture of propane and butane
Refinery gas/LPG
Bottled gas
Cooking
Naphtha
Chemicals for petrochemical industry
Kerosene
Jet fuel
Lubricating oil
Waxes
Fuel oil
Fuel for ships
Bitumen
Roads and roofing
Fractional distillation
Refinery gas/LPG Petrol Naphtha Kerosene Diesel oil Lubricating oil Fuel oil Bitumen
Real petrol not Kosts definitely low for buses
Natural gas
Mostly methane Ethane, propane and butane High kilogram calorific value Highly flammable and explosive in air Mercaptans are added to detect gas leaks
Mercaptans
Smelly sulfur compounds
Octane reference numbers
Heptane - 0
2,2,4-trimethylpentane - 100
Factors affecting octane number
Length of chain
Degree of branching
Straight chain or cyclic structures
How to increase the octane number
Isomerisation
Catalytic cracking (feedstock for petrochemical industry)
Dehydrocyclisation
Adding oxygenates (Metyl tertiary butyl ether)
How to make hydrogen
Steam reforming of natural gas
Electrolysis of water
