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Chemistry > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

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1
Q

Use of chloroalkanes

A

Solvents for removing oil and grease marks from machinery

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2
Q

Physical properties of chloroalkanes

A

Non-polar
Dissolves in cyclohexane
Most are liquid at room temperature

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3
Q

Chloroalkane

A

A compound in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms in an alkane molecule have been replaced by chlorine atoms

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4
Q

Functional group

A

An atom or group of atoms which is responsible for the characteristic properties of an organic compound or a series of organic compounds

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5
Q

What do the alcohols have

A

An OH branch

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6
Q

Ethanol

A 
C2H5OH
In alcoholic drinks, addictive
Produced by fermentation
                  yeast
C6H12O6 ———> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Toxic in large quantities 
Sufficiently volatile to pass from blood to the air in the lungs
Ethanol concentration in breath gives alcohol concentration in blood
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7
Q

Primary alcohol

A

One where the carbon atom joined to the OH group is attached to only one other carbon atom
Ethanol

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8
Q

Secondary alcohol

A

One where the carbon atom joined to the OH group is attached to 2 other carbon atoms
Propan-2-ol

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9
Q

Tertiary alcohol

A

One where the carbon atom joined to OH group is attached to 3 other carbon atoms
2-methylpropan-2-ol

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10
Q

Yeast

A 
Contains zymase (enzyme)
Ethanol in wines is 10-12% v/v. After this, kills yeast
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11
Q

Methanol

A

Toxic
In industrial alcohol
Denaturing the alcohol
Denaturing agent

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12
Q

Legal limit of ethanol in Ireland

A

20mg per 100cm2

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13
Q

Boiling points

A

Alcohols have higher boiling points than alkanes
Highly polar OH group give rise to hydrogen bonding between alcohol molecules
Extra energy to break bonds

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14
Q

Solubility in water

A

Alcohols are soluble/miscible in water
Hydrogen bonding between water molecules and alcohol molecules
Impossible to separate by distillation
Drying agent is needed
Solubility decreases rapidly as the length of the carbon chain increases

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15
Q

Aldehydes

A 
CHO functional group
C=O carbonyl group 
Planar molecule 120* bond angles
Strongly polar due to different electronegativity values
Dipole-dipole
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16
Q

Embalming fluid

A

Methanal in water (formalin)

17
Q

Why are aldehydes soluble in water

A

Hydrogen bonding takes place with water

18
Q

Aromatic aldehyde

A

Benzaldehyde
Oil in almond kernels
Flavoring agent for cooking

19
Q

Ketone

A

Propanone - organic solvent
Dipole-dipole
Soluable in water
Hydrogen bonding between carbonyl group and water molecules

20
Q

Propanone and butanone

A

The act as solvents for both polar and non-polar substances

Used as solvents in industry

21
Q

Effects of Ethanol

A

Depresses the activity of the central nervous system
Liver failure
Slows reaction time

22
Q

Carboxylic acids

A

COOH group

Characteristic odour

23
Q

Methanoic acid

A

Sting of nettles and ants

HCOOH

24
Q

Ethanoic acid

A

Vinegar is about 4% v/v of ethanoic acid
Used to make cellulose acetate in varnishes and rayon
Pure ethanoic acid (glacial acetic)

25
Q

Propanoic acid

A

Inhibits growth of moule

Used as a food preservative

26
Q

Benzanoic acid

A

Salts for Food preserving
Antiseptic medicines
Fungicide

27
Q

Physical properties of carboxylic group

A 
High melting and boiling point
Hydrogen bonds
Liquid at room temperature 
Molecules group together to form dimers 
Soluble in water
28
Q

Eaters

A

From carboxylic acids by replacing the H of the -OH group by an alkyl group
Prepared by an alcohol and carboxylic acid

29
Q

Condensation Reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which to molecules combine to form a larger molecule with the loss of a smaller molecules like water
E.g. esterification

30
Q

Condensation reaction molecules

A

A chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule with the loss of a smaller molecule like water
Esterification

31
Q

Esters

A

Volatile liquids which pleasant fruity smell
Low boiling points
Hydrogen bonds to a certain extent with water
Perfumes and cosmetics

32
Q

Steam distillation

A

A separation process used to isolate compounds at temperatures below their decomposition temperatures

33
Q

Emulsion

A

A dispersion of small droplets of one liquid in another liquid in which it is not soluble

34
Q

Liquid liquid extraction

A

A technique in which two immiscible liquids are separated using a solvent in Which one of the component of the mixture has a high solubility than the other

Chemistry (26 decks)

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