Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of…
Carbon and it’s compounds
What sort of bonds does carbon form
Covalent
Molecular formula
The actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule
Empirical formula
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a molecule
What do we need to know to work out the molecular formula from the empirical formula
Mr
Structural formula
Shows how atoms in a molecule are arranged
Displayed formula
Shows all the atoms and bonds in a molecule
Skeletal formula
Shows the shape of the carbon skeleton
Homologous series
A family of compounds containing the same functional group and having the same general formula but having a different carbon chain length. Each successive member has an extra CH2
Functional group
An atom or group of atoms which gives an organic compound it’s particular chemical properties
Hydrocarbons
Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen atoms only
Alkanes
Contain single carbon-carbon bonds only
Alkenes
Contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Chains
Alicyclic hydrocarbons
Rings
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzene rings
What is nomenclature
A system of naming compounds
What 3 main parts do names of organic compounds have
The stem
The prefix
The suffix
What does the stem tell us
How many carbons there are in the longest chain bearing the functional group
Where is the prefix added
Before the stem
What does the prefix tell us
The position of the side chains and/or functional groups
Side chains are often alkyl groups
What is an alkyl group
An alkane with a hydrogen atom removed
Usually denoted by letter R
Where is the suffix added
After the stem
What does the suffix tell us
The functional group present
What is the stem and alkyl group for 1 carbon in longest chain
Meth
Methyl
Why is the stem and alkyl group for 2 carbons in longest chain
Eth
Ethyl
What is the stem and alkyl group of 3 carbons in longest chain
Prop
Propyl
What is the stem and alkyl group of longest carbon chain 4
But
Butyl
What is the stem and alkyl group of 5 in longest carbon chain
Pent
Pentyl
What is the stem and alkyl group of 6 carbons in longest chain
Hex
Hexyl
General formula aliphatic alkanes
CnH2n+2
Can the chains be branched or unbranched in aliphatic chains
Both
General formula cyclic alkanes
CnH2n
Stem of cyclic alkanes
Cyclo followed by name of longest continuous carbon ring
Isomers
Different compounds with the same molecular formula
Structural isomers
Compounds with same molecular formula but different structural formula
Sub divisions of structural isomers
Chain isomers
Position isomers
Functional group isomers
What are chain isomers
Have same molecular formula but their structures have the hydrocarbon chain arranged differently
Position isomers
Have functional group in different positions
Functional group isomers
Have same molecular formula but a different functional group
Stereoisomers
Compounds with the same structural formula but different arrangement of atoms in space
Two types of stereoisomers
E/Z or geometric
Optical
