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alcohols part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

general formula

A

CnH2n+1OH

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2
Q

functional group

A

-OH

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3
Q

what can alcohols be classified as

A

primary, tertiary or secondary

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4
Q

what do primary alcohols have

A

1 variable group attached to the same carbon as the OH(besides the OH)

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5
Q

what do secondary alcohols have

A

2 variable groups attached to the same carbon as the OH (besides the OH)

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6
Q

what do tertiary alcohols have

A

3 variable groups attached to the same carbon as the OH (besides the OH)

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7
Q

what must be indicated if there are 3 or more carbon atoms in the molecule

A

the position of the OH group

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8
Q

structural isomers

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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9
Q

why do alcohols have relatively high melting and boiling points

A

they form hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

which alcohols are soluble in water

A

those with a low Mr

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11
Q

why are alcohols with a low Mr soluble in water

A

hydrogen bonding

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12
Q

how are alcohols generally prepared industrially

A

by hydration of alkenes

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13
Q

what is the reagent in the production of alcohols by the hydration of alkenes

A

the alkene and steam

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14
Q

what conditions are needed for the production of alcohols by the hydration of alkenes

A
  • phosphoric acid catalyst

- high temp and pressure

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15
Q

how can the mechanism of hydration be shown

A

using curly arrows

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16
Q

curly arrows

A

shows the movement of a pair of electrons

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17
Q

what is the role of the H+ ion in the hydration of alkenes

A

catalyst (its regenerated)

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18
Q

uses of ethanol

A
  • alcoholic beverage industry
  • sterilising medical equipment
  • solvents/fuel
19
Q

what are the two different methods for the industrial preparation of ethanol

A
  • fermentation

- hydration of ethene

20
Q

examples of carbohydrate crops used in fermentation

A

sugar cane/sugar beet

21
Q

what are carbohydrate crops broken down into during fermentation

A

sugars such as glucose

22
Q

how are the sugars converted into ethanol during fermentation

A

by anaerobic respiration

23
Q

how is ethanol removed from the reaction mixture in fermentation

A

by fractional distillation

24
Q

what is the reagent in fermentation

25
conditions needed for fermentation
water, 30-35 degrees Celsius, yeast, lack of O2
26
equation for fermentation
C6H12O6> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
27
why is air kept out of the fermentation reaction
prevents oxidation of alcohol into vinegar
28
why must a compromise temperature of 35 degrees celcius be used
optimum temp for yeast
29
why does the fermentation stop when the reaction mixture contains about 15% ethanol
at this level of alcohol the yeast is poisoned
30
what is fractional distillation
separating two or more liquids with differing boiling points eg ethanol and water
31
why should you heat the flask during fractional distillation
it causes the water and ethanol to vapourise
32
what happens as a result of the vapour passing up the fractionating column in fractional distillation
the water and ethanol will separate
33
why will water condense back into the flask in fractional distillation
it has a higher boiling point than ethanol
34
observe the temperature and keep the temperature at or just below... (FD)
the boiling point of ethanol
35
where does ethanol vapour pass into during fractional distillation
the condenser
36
what does the condenser do in fractional distillation
cools the ethanol vapour back into a liquid which is collected in a conical flask
37
reagents in hydration of ethene
ethene and steam
38
conditions in hydration of ethene
phosphoric acid catalyst 300 degrees celcius and 60atm
39
equation for hydration of ethene
CH2=CH2(g) + H2O > CH3CH2OH(g)
40
comparison of the two processes that produce ethanol: raw material
H: crude oil (finite) F: sugar (renewable)
41
comparison of the two processes that produce ethanol: quality of product
H: pure F: very impure
42
comparison of the two processes that produce ethanol: rate of reaction
H: very fast F: slow
43
comparison of the two processes that produce ethanol: energy requirements
H: high energy use F: low energy use
44
comparison of the two processes that produce ethanol: type of process
H: continuous F: batches

Chemistry (42 decks)

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