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Chemistry > Organic Chemistry 2 ( 5th form) - still need to add crude oil section > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry 2 ( 5th form) - still need to add crude oil section Flashcards

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1
Q

INTRO

definition of hydrocarbons

A

a compound made up of hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

INTRO

definition of general formula

A

algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds eg. CnH2n ( alkenes)

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3
Q

INTRO

definition of empirical formula

A

simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound. eg. CH2 (alkenes)

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4
Q

INTRO

definition of molecular formula

A

actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule eg. C2H4( ethene)

shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them

shows the arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon, with the attached hydrogens and functional groups. eg. CH2CH2 (ethene)

algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds eg. CnH2n ( alkenes)

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5
Q

INTRO

definition of displayed formula

A

shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them.

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6
Q

INTRO

definition of structural formula

A

shows the arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon, with the attached hydrogens and functional groups. eg. CH2CH2 (ethene)

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7
Q

INTRO

definition of homologous series

A

a group of compounds that can all be represented by the same general formula

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8
Q

INTRO

definition of functional group

A

group of atoms that determine how a compound typically reacts.

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9
Q

INTRO

definition of isomer

A

same molecular formula but different structural formula

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10
Q

INTRO

what is the rhyme used to help naming number of carbons

A

Monkeys Eat Peeled Bananas

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11
Q

INTRO

what can be different in terms of the structural formula in isomers

A

different shaped carbon chains
functional groups in diffo places
different functional groups

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12
Q

ALKANES

general formula for alkanes

A

C2 H2n+2

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13
Q

ALKANES

why are alkanes called saturated

A

only have single bonds between the carbon atoms

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14
Q

ALAKNES

what is needed to be present in a reaction of alkanes and halogens ( chlorine/ bromine)

A

ultraviolet

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15
Q

ALKANES

what is the product of halogens reacting with alkanes

A

haloalkanes

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16
Q

ALKANES

what happens in reaction where halogens react with alkanes

A

a hydrogen atom from the alkane is substituted with the halogen

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17
Q

ALAKNES

what is the name of the reaction between halogens and alkanes

A

substitution reaction

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18
Q

ALKANES

an example of a halogen and alkane reaction
bromine and methane

A

bromine + methane = bromomethane + hydrogen bromide

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19
Q

ALAKNES

alkane + oxygen =?

A

carbon dioxide + water

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20
Q

ALKENES

what the functional group for alkenes

A

C=C

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21
Q

ALKENES

general formula of alkenes

A

Cn H2n

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22
Q

ALKENES

why are alkenes unsaturated

A

contain a double bond between 2 of the carbon atoms in their chain

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23
Q

ALAKENES

what does halogens( bromine ) reacting with alkenes make

A

di- haloalkanes

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24
Q

ALKENES

what happens in reaction where halogens react with alkenes

A

the C=C double bond is split and a halogen atom is added to each of the carbons

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25
Q

ALKENES

what is the name of the reaction between halogens and alkenes

A

addition reactions

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26
Q

ALAKENES

an example of a halogen and alkene reaction
bromine and ethene

A

ethene + bromine = dibromoethane

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27
Q

ALKENES

what is used to test for C=C double bonds

A

bromine water

28
Q

ALKENES

bromine water + alkene =?

A

orange -> colourless

29
Q

ALKANES

bromine water + alkane =?

A

orange -> orange

30
Q

PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS

functional group of alcohols

A

-OH

31
Q

PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS

how can ethanol be oxidised (1st out of 3)

A

complete combustion ( burning in air or oxygen)

32
Q

PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS

what are the products of alcohols undergoing complete combustion

A

carbon dioxide + water

33
Q

PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS

how can ethanol be oxidised (2nd out of 3)

A

microbial oxidation ( reaction with oxygen in air to form ethanoic acid )

34
Q

PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS

what are the products of alcohols undergoing microbial oxidation

A

carboxylic acids eg. ethanol= ethanoic acid

35
Q

PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS

how can ethanol be oxidised (3rd out of 3)

A

heating with potassium dichromate in dilute sulphuric acid to form ethanoic acid ( carboxylic acid)

36
Q

PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS

what does the potassium dichromate in dilute sulphuric acid act as in the oxidising of alcohols

A

oxidising agent

37
Q

PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS

how can ethanol be made (1st out of 2 )

A

reacting ethene with steam (addition reaction- water added to the molecule )

38
Q

PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS

what is need in the reaction of ethene and steam

A 
catalyst= phosphoric acid 
temp= 300 *C
pressure = 60-70 atm
39
Q

PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS

how can ethanol be made (2nd out of 2 )

A

fermentation of glucose

40
Q

PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS

what is need in the fermentation of glucose

A 
anaerobic conditions ( absence of air)
optimum temp. = 30*C
enzymes = yeast
41
Q

PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS

why does the fermentation of glucose have to be anaerobic

A

oxygen turn ethanol into ethanoic acid ( vinegar )

42
Q

PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS

why does the fermentation of glucose need an optimum temp.

A

low temp= slow reaction

hot temp= denatures enzymes= reaction stops

43
Q

PAPER 2 - CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

what is the functional group of carboxylic acids

A

-COOH

44
Q

PAPER 2 - CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

what can carboxylic acids react to form (same as any other acid )

A

salts ( like another acid)

45
Q

PAPER 2 - CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

what do the salts formed by carboxylic acids end in

A

-anoate eg. methanoic acid= methanoate

46
Q

PAPER 2 - CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

carboxylic acid + metal carbonate = ?

A

salt + water + carbon dioxide

47
Q

PAPER 2 - CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate= ?

A

sodium ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide

48
Q

PAPER 2 - CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

carboxylic acids + metal= ?

A

salt + hydrogen

49
Q

PAPER 2 - CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

ethanoic acid + magnesium= ?

A

magnesium ethanoate + hydrogen

50
Q

PAPER 2 - CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

carboxylic acid + alcohols ( with acid catalyst) =?

A

ester + water

51
Q

PAPER 2 - CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

what is vinegar ( in terms of a carboxylic acid )

A

an aqueous solution containing ethanoic acid

ethanoic acid dissolved in water = vinegar

52
Q

PAPER 2 - CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

why does wine go off if left open

A

ethanol is oxidised = ethanoic acid = vinegar

53
Q

PAPER 2 - ESTERS

functional group of esters

A

-COO-

54
Q

PAPER 2 - ESTERS

what is needed in a reaction of a carboxylic acid + alcohol

A

acid catalyst eg. sulphuric acid

55
Q

PAPER 2 - ESTERS

ethanoic acid + ethanol ( in the presence of acid catalyst) =?

A

ethyl ethanoate + water

56
Q

PAPER 2 - ESTERS

what are the characteristics of esters ( 2 things )

A

volatile ( evaporate (turn in to gases) easily )

distinctive ( pleasant smells) - sweet + fruity

57
Q

PAPER 2 - ESTERS

what are the uses of esters

A

perfumes and food flavourings

58
Q

SYNTHETIC POLYEMERS

how is an addition polymer formed

A

by joining up many smaller molecules called monomers

59
Q

SYNTHETIC POLYEMERS

what are the problems in the disposal of polymers (why are they hard to get rid of ) - 3 things

A
  1. inert ( don’t react easily )- C=C bonds = very strong
  2. unable to biodegrade ( strong bonds aren’t easily broken)
  3. produce toxic gasses produced when burnt
60
Q

SYNTHETIC POLYEMERS

because polymers are difficult to dispose what can you do instead

A

reuse & recycle

61
Q

PAPER 2 - SYNTHETIC POLYEMERS

definition of condensation polymerisation

A

2 monomers ( each containing at least 2 functional groups) reacting together + eliminates a small molecule eg. water or hydrogen chloride

62
Q

PAPER 2 - SYNTHETIC POLYEMERS

how are polyesters formed

A

dicarboxylic acid monomer + diol monomer

63
Q

PAPER 2 - SYNTHETIC POLYEMERS

dicarboxylic acid monomer ( contain 2 carboxylic acid groups) + diol monomer ( contain 2 alcohol groups) = ?

A

polyester + water

64
Q

PAPER 2 - SYNTHETIC POLYEMERS

ethanedioic acid + ethanediol =?

A

poly ethyl ethanoate + water

65
Q

PAPER 2 - SYNTHETIC POLYEMERS

what is special about some polyesters

A

they are biodegradable

66
Q

PAPER 2 - SYNTHETIC POLYEMERS

what are biodegradable polyesters known as

A

biopolyesters

67
Q

SYNTHETIC POLYEMERS

definition of biodegrade

A

to be broken down by bacteria or other organisms

Chemistry (23 decks)

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