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Chemistry > Organic Chemistry 2 ( 5th form) - still need to add crude oil section > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry 2 ( 5th form) - still need to add crude oil section Flashcards

1
Q

INTRO

definition of hydrocarbons

A

a compound made up of hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

INTRO

definition of general formula

A

algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds eg. CnH2n ( alkenes)

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3
Q

INTRO

definition of empirical formula

A

simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound. eg. CH2 (alkenes)

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4
Q

INTRO

definition of molecular formula

A

actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule eg. C2H4( ethene)

shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them

shows the arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon, with the attached hydrogens and functional groups. eg. CH2CH2 (ethene)

algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds eg. CnH2n ( alkenes)

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5
Q

INTRO

definition of displayed formula

A

shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them.

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6
Q

INTRO

definition of structural formula

A

shows the arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon, with the attached hydrogens and functional groups. eg. CH2CH2 (ethene)

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7
Q

INTRO

definition of homologous series

A

a group of compounds that can all be represented by the same general formula

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8
Q

INTRO

definition of functional group

A

group of atoms that determine how a compound typically reacts.

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9
Q

INTRO

definition of isomer

A

same molecular formula but different structural formula

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10
Q

INTRO

what is the rhyme used to help naming number of carbons

A

Monkeys Eat Peeled Bananas

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11
Q

INTRO

what can be different in terms of the structural formula in isomers

A

different shaped carbon chains
functional groups in diffo places
different functional groups

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12
Q

ALKANES

general formula for alkanes

A

C2 H2n+2

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13
Q

ALKANES

why are alkanes called saturated

A

only have single bonds between the carbon atoms

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14
Q

ALAKNES

what is needed to be present in a reaction of alkanes and halogens ( chlorine/ bromine)

A

ultraviolet

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15
Q

ALKANES

what is the product of halogens reacting with alkanes

A

haloalkanes

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16
Q

ALKANES

what happens in reaction where halogens react with alkanes

A

a hydrogen atom from the alkane is substituted with the halogen

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17
Q

ALAKNES

what is the name of the reaction between halogens and alkanes

A

substitution reaction

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18
Q

ALKANES

an example of a halogen and alkane reaction
bromine and methane

A

bromine + methane = bromomethane + hydrogen bromide

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19
Q

ALAKNES

alkane + oxygen =?

A

carbon dioxide + water

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20
Q

ALKENES

what the functional group for alkenes

A

C=C

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21
Q

ALKENES

general formula of alkenes

A

Cn H2n

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22
Q

ALKENES

why are alkenes unsaturated

A

contain a double bond between 2 of the carbon atoms in their chain

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23
Q

ALAKENES

what does halogens( bromine ) reacting with alkenes make

A

di- haloalkanes

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24
Q

ALKENES

what happens in reaction where halogens react with alkenes

A

the C=C double bond is split and a halogen atom is added to each of the carbons

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25
ALKENES | what is the name of the reaction between halogens and alkenes
addition reactions
26
ALAKENES | an example of a halogen and alkene reaction bromine and ethene
ethene + bromine = dibromoethane
27
ALKENES what is used to test for C=C double bonds
bromine water
28
ALKENES bromine water + alkene =?
orange -> colourless
29
ALKANES bromine water + alkane =?
orange -> orange
30
PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS functional group of alcohols
-OH
31
PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS how can ethanol be oxidised (1st out of 3)
complete combustion ( burning in air or oxygen)
32
PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS what are the products of alcohols undergoing complete combustion
carbon dioxide + water
33
PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS how can ethanol be oxidised (2nd out of 3)
microbial oxidation ( reaction with oxygen in air to form ethanoic acid )
34
PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS what are the products of alcohols undergoing microbial oxidation
carboxylic acids eg. ethanol= ethanoic acid
35
PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS how can ethanol be oxidised (3rd out of 3)
heating with potassium dichromate in dilute sulphuric acid to form ethanoic acid ( carboxylic acid)
36
PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS what does the potassium dichromate in dilute sulphuric acid act as in the oxidising of alcohols
oxidising agent
37
PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS how can ethanol be made (1st out of 2 )
reacting ethene with steam (addition reaction- water added to the molecule )
38
PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS what is need in the reaction of ethene and steam
``` catalyst= phosphoric acid temp= 300 *C pressure = 60-70 atm ```
39
PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS how can ethanol be made (2nd out of 2 )
fermentation of glucose
40
PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS what is need in the fermentation of glucose
``` anaerobic conditions ( absence of air) optimum temp. = 30*C enzymes = yeast ```
41
PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS why does the fermentation of glucose have to be anaerobic
oxygen turn ethanol into ethanoic acid ( vinegar )
42
PAPER 2 - ALCOHOLS why does the fermentation of glucose need an optimum temp.
low temp= slow reaction | hot temp= denatures enzymes= reaction stops
43
PAPER 2 - CARBOXYLIC ACIDS what is the functional group of carboxylic acids
-COOH
44
PAPER 2 - CARBOXYLIC ACIDS what can carboxylic acids react to form (same as any other acid )
salts ( like another acid)
45
PAPER 2 - CARBOXYLIC ACIDS what do the salts formed by carboxylic acids end in
-anoate eg. methanoic acid= methanoate
46
PAPER 2 - CARBOXYLIC ACIDS carboxylic acid + metal carbonate = ?
salt + water + carbon dioxide
47
PAPER 2 - CARBOXYLIC ACIDS ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate= ?
sodium ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide
48
PAPER 2 - CARBOXYLIC ACIDS carboxylic acids + metal= ?
salt + hydrogen
49
PAPER 2 - CARBOXYLIC ACIDS ethanoic acid + magnesium= ?
magnesium ethanoate + hydrogen
50
PAPER 2 - CARBOXYLIC ACIDS carboxylic acid + alcohols ( with acid catalyst) =?
ester + water
51
PAPER 2 - CARBOXYLIC ACIDS what is vinegar ( in terms of a carboxylic acid )
an aqueous solution containing ethanoic acid ethanoic acid dissolved in water = vinegar
52
PAPER 2 - CARBOXYLIC ACIDS why does wine go off if left open
ethanol is oxidised = ethanoic acid = vinegar
53
PAPER 2 - ESTERS functional group of esters
-COO-
54
PAPER 2 - ESTERS what is needed in a reaction of a carboxylic acid + alcohol
acid catalyst eg. sulphuric acid
55
PAPER 2 - ESTERS ethanoic acid + ethanol ( in the presence of acid catalyst) =?
ethyl ethanoate + water
56
PAPER 2 - ESTERS what are the characteristics of esters ( 2 things )
volatile ( evaporate (turn in to gases) easily ) | distinctive ( pleasant smells) - sweet + fruity
57
PAPER 2 - ESTERS what are the uses of esters
perfumes and food flavourings
58
SYNTHETIC POLYEMERS how is an addition polymer formed
by joining up many smaller molecules called monomers
59
SYNTHETIC POLYEMERS what are the problems in the disposal of polymers (why are they hard to get rid of ) - 3 things
1. inert ( don't react easily )- C=C bonds = very strong 2. unable to biodegrade ( strong bonds aren't easily broken) 3. produce toxic gasses produced when burnt
60
SYNTHETIC POLYEMERS because polymers are difficult to dispose what can you do instead
reuse & recycle
61
PAPER 2 - SYNTHETIC POLYEMERS definition of condensation polymerisation
2 monomers ( each containing at least 2 functional groups) reacting together + eliminates a small molecule eg. water or hydrogen chloride
62
PAPER 2 - SYNTHETIC POLYEMERS how are polyesters formed
dicarboxylic acid monomer + diol monomer
63
PAPER 2 - SYNTHETIC POLYEMERS dicarboxylic acid monomer ( contain 2 carboxylic acid groups) + diol monomer ( contain 2 alcohol groups) = ?
polyester + water
64
PAPER 2 - SYNTHETIC POLYEMERS ethanedioic acid + ethanediol =?
poly ethyl ethanoate + water
65
PAPER 2 - SYNTHETIC POLYEMERS what is special about some polyesters
they are biodegradable
66
PAPER 2 - SYNTHETIC POLYEMERS what are biodegradable polyesters known as
biopolyesters
67
SYNTHETIC POLYEMERS definition of biodegrade
to be broken down by bacteria or other organisms

Chemistry (23 decks)

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