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Introductory Chemistry Flashcards > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

how can molecules be categorised as

A

molecules can be categorised as polar or non-polar

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2
Q

what to polar molecules have

A

polar bonds, which are formed between atms with different electronegativites - the tendancy for an atom to attract electrons

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3
Q

what creates a polar bond

A

because of electronegativity difference, electrons within bond tend to linger around the more electronegative atom

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4
Q

requirements for molecule to be polar

A

polar bonds ust be distributed asymmetrically within the molecule, creating a net dipole (note that just because a molecule contains polar bonds does not not mean that it is polar

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5
Q

what is a dipole

A

a seperation of negative and positive charge across the molecule

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6
Q

how to polar and non-polar molecules interact

A

they interact in different ways via the intermolecular forces that exist between molecule

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7
Q

what are dispersion forces

A

transient (short-lastinfg) forces of attraction between the temporary dipole in one molecule and the induced dipole in another.

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8
Q

what are organic compounds

A

compounds that contain carbon

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9
Q

how many bonds does carbon like to form

A

4

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10
Q

how many bonds does to following elements like to form

hydrogen
lithium
sodium
berilyium
boron
carbon
nitrogen
oxygen
fluroine
chlorine
bromine
iodine

A

1
1
1
2
3
4
3
2
1
1
1
1

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11
Q

what does each bond represent

A

2 electrons (doulbe check just incase it only applies to water)

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12
Q

when does a h bond (hydrogen bond) occur?

A

when hydrogen is attatched to nitrogen, fluorine, oxygen

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13
Q

what is a negatively charged ion

A

anion

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14
Q

what is a positively charged ion

A

cation

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15
Q

what are alkanes

A

saturated hydrocarbons organic compounds, meanign that the carbon atoms are filed with the hydrogen atoms, can be straight-chained,

can exibit structural isomerism

single-bonded carbon atoms which are attached to hydrogen atoms

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16
Q

what is the formula for an alkane

A

C_nH_2n+2

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17
Q

alkanes in order

A

methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
heptane
octane
nonane
decane

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18
Q

what is methane

A

CH_4

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19
Q

what is ethane

A

C_2H_6

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20
Q

what is propane

A

C_3H_8

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21
Q

what is butane

A

C_4H_10

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22
Q

what is pentane

A

C_H5_12

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23
Q

what is hexane

A

C_6H_14

24
Q

what is heptane

A

C_7H_16

25
Q

what is octane

A

C_8H_18

26
Q

what is nonane

A

C_9H_20

27
Q

what is decane

A

C_10H_22

28
Q

what are alkenes

A

contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond

whereas alkanes do not contain double bonds

referred to as unsaturated because their bonding capacity isnt fully exploited. i.e. the double-bond allows fewer hydrogen atoms to bond to the carbons.

they can exhibit two forms of isomerism

29
Q

what is the alkene form of ethane called

A

ethene

30
Q

what is alkyne

A

hydrocarbon with a triple bond

31
Q

what is a two carbon alkyne

A

ethyne (also called acetylene)

32
Q

difference between alkanes and alkynes/alkenes

A

alkanes are saturates compounds, whereas alkynes and alkenes are unsaturated compounds.

33
Q

which one is longer a carbon carbon single bond or a carbon carbon double bond

A

carbon carbon single bond is longer than carbon carbon double bond which is longer than the carbon carbon triple bond.

34
Q

which bond is strongest, single double or triple

A

triple is storngest, single is weakest

35
Q

what bonds does a single bond contain

A

1 sigma bond

36
Q

what bonds does a double bond contain

A

1 sigma bond
1 pi bond

37
Q

what bonds does a triple bond contain

A

1 sigma bond
2 pi bond

38
Q

which is stronger, pi or sigma

A

sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds

39
Q

Bond order for single bond double bond triple bond

A

single = BO 1
double = BO 2
triple = BO 3

40
Q

hybridisation of a carbon atom with 4 hydrogen atoms around it

A

S1P3

41
Q

hybridisation of a bond

A

write the hybridisations of the atoms that the bond connects (e.g. atom 1 - atom 2)

42
Q

formal charge formula

A

FE = VE - ( B + d )

FE = Formal Charge
VE = Valence Electrons
B = bonds attached to element
d = dots attached to element

43
Q

what is a cation carbon called

A

carbocation

44
Q

what is a anion carbon called

A

carbanion

45
Q

when you have an odd number of electrons

A

you have what is called a radical

46
Q

what is a 1 carbon radical known as

A

a methyl radical

47
Q

radicals

A

tend to be neutral

48
Q

what is a lone pair

A

represents a pair of non bonding electrons because they’re only attached to one atom

49
Q

in a bond

A

you have 2 bonding electrons

50
Q

what is an OH group

A

the functional group of an alcohol and alkanes follow the suffix -ol

51
Q

what is an CHO group

A

aldehyde, contains a carbonyl group, a carbon double bonded to an oxygen. ends in the suffix -al

52
Q

what is an ether

A

an oxygen atom in between two carbon atoms

53
Q

what is a ketone

A

when the carbonyl group in the middle of the chain (e.g. propanone)
suffix -one

54
Q

what is an ester

A

has two oxygen atoms
and a carbonyl group

55
Q

what is a carboxylic acid

A

a functional group consisting of combined carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group

e.g. five carbon carboyxylic acid is called pentanoic acid

56
Q

ester nomenclature???

A
57
Q
A

Introductory Chemistry Flashcards (15 decks)

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