Organic Chemistry

Question 1

how can molecules be categorised as

Answer 1

molecules can be categorised as polar or non-polar

Question 2

what to polar molecules have

Answer 2

polar bonds, which are formed between atms with different electronegativites - the tendancy for an atom to attract electrons

Question 3

what creates a polar bond

Answer 3

because of electronegativity difference, electrons within bond tend to linger around the more electronegative atom

Question 4

requirements for molecule to be polar

Answer 4

polar bonds ust be distributed asymmetrically within the molecule, creating a net dipole (note that just because a molecule contains polar bonds does not not mean that it is polar

Question 5

what is a dipole

Answer 5

a seperation of negative and positive charge across the molecule

Question 6

how to polar and non-polar molecules interact

Answer 6

they interact in different ways via the intermolecular forces that exist between molecule

Question 7

what are dispersion forces

Answer 7

transient (short-lastinfg) forces of attraction between the temporary dipole in one molecule and the induced dipole in another.

Question 8

what are organic compounds

Answer 8

compounds that contain carbon

Question 9

how many bonds does carbon like to form

Answer 9

4

Question 10

how many bonds does to following elements like to form

hydrogen
lithium
sodium
berilyium
boron
carbon
nitrogen
oxygen
fluroine
chlorine
bromine
iodine

Answer 10

1
1
1
2
3
4
3
2
1
1
1
1

Question 11

what does each bond represent

Answer 11

2 electrons (doulbe check just incase it only applies to water)

Question 12

when does a h bond (hydrogen bond) occur?

Answer 12

when hydrogen is attatched to nitrogen, fluorine, oxygen

Question 13

what is a negatively charged ion

Answer 13

anion

Question 14

what is a positively charged ion

Answer 14

cation

Question 15

what are alkanes

Answer 15

saturated hydrocarbons organic compounds, meanign that the carbon atoms are filed with the hydrogen atoms, can be straight-chained,

can exibit structural isomerism

single-bonded carbon atoms which are attached to hydrogen atoms

Question 16

what is the formula for an alkane

Answer 16

C_nH_2n+2

Question 17

alkanes in order

Answer 17

methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
heptane
octane
nonane
decane

Question 18

what is methane

Answer 18

CH_4

Question 19

what is ethane

Answer 19

C_2H_6

Question 20

what is propane

Answer 20

C_3H_8

Question 21

what is butane

Answer 21

C_4H_10

Question 22

what is pentane

Answer 22

C_H5_12

Question 23

what is hexane

Answer 23

C_6H_14

Question 24

what is heptane

Answer 24

C_7H_16

Question 25

what is octane

Answer 25

C_8H_18

Question 26

what is nonane

Answer 26

C_9H_20

Question 27

what is decane

Answer 27

C_10H_22

Question 28

what are alkenes

Answer 28

contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond whereas alkanes do not contain double bonds referred to as unsaturated because their bonding capacity isnt fully exploited. i.e. the double-bond allows fewer hydrogen atoms to bond to the carbons. they can exhibit two forms of isomerism

Question 29

what is the alkene form of ethane called

Answer 29

ethene

Question 30

what is alkyne

Answer 30

hydrocarbon with a triple bond

Question 31

what is a two carbon alkyne

Answer 31

ethyne (also called acetylene)

Question 32

difference between alkanes and alkynes/alkenes

Answer 32

alkanes are saturates compounds, whereas alkynes and alkenes are unsaturated compounds.

Question 33

which one is longer a carbon carbon single bond or a carbon carbon double bond

Answer 33

carbon carbon single bond is longer than carbon carbon double bond which is longer than the carbon carbon triple bond.

Question 34

which bond is strongest, single double or triple

Answer 34

triple is storngest, single is weakest

Question 35

what bonds does a single bond contain

Answer 35

1 sigma bond

Question 36

what bonds does a double bond contain

Answer 36

1 sigma bond 1 pi bond

Question 37

what bonds does a triple bond contain

Answer 37

1 sigma bond 2 pi bond

Question 38

which is stronger, pi or sigma

Answer 38

sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds

Question 39

Bond order for single bond double bond triple bond

Answer 39

single = BO 1 double = BO 2 triple = BO 3

Question 40

hybridisation of a carbon atom with 4 hydrogen atoms around it

Answer 40

S*1P*3

Question 41

hybridisation of a bond

Answer 41

write the hybridisations of the atoms that the bond connects (e.g. atom 1 - atom 2)

Question 42

formal charge formula

Answer 42

FE = VE - ( B + d ) FE = Formal Charge VE = Valence Electrons B = bonds attached to element d = dots attached to element

Question 43

what is a cation carbon called

Answer 43

carbocation

Question 44

what is a anion carbon called

Answer 44

carbanion

Question 45

when you have an odd number of electrons

Answer 45

you have what is called a radical

Question 46

what is a 1 carbon radical known as

Answer 46

a methyl radical

Question 47

radicals

Answer 47

tend to be neutral

Question 48

what is a lone pair

Answer 48

represents a pair of non bonding electrons because they're only attached to one atom

Question 49

in a bond

Answer 49

you have 2 bonding electrons

Question 50

what is an OH group

Answer 50

the functional group of an alcohol and alkanes follow the suffix -ol

Question 51

what is an CHO group

Answer 51

aldehyde, contains a carbonyl group, a carbon double bonded to an oxygen. ends in the suffix -al

Question 52

what is an ether

Answer 52

an oxygen atom in between two carbon atoms

Question 53

what is a ketone

Answer 53

when the carbonyl group in the middle of the chain (e.g. propanone) suffix -one

Question 54

what is an ester

Answer 54

has two oxygen atoms and a carbonyl group

Question 55

what is a carboxylic acid

Answer 55

a functional group consisting of combined carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group e.g. five carbon carboyxylic acid is called pentanoic acid

Question 56

ester nomenclature???