Acids and Bases Flashcards
what the fuck does the motherfucking, you know, fucken Brønsted-Lowry theory do (prolly fucken jack shit but whatever)
explains the acid-base behaviour in terms of a proton transfer reaction where bases are proton-acceptors aand acids are proton-donors
what notion does this intorduce
that acid-base behaviour is relative and circumstantial, thus some substances are amphiprotic/amphoteric (can act as base or acid) depending on species they are interacting with.
what kind of reactions are all Brønsted-Lowry reactions
reversible reactions, acknowledge that a substance can’t act as acid without another substance acting as a base.
what happens when an acid loses a proton in a proton transfer reaction
it forms what is know as a conjugate base, while the base accepting a proton forms a conjugate acid. conjugate acid-base pair differ on ly by one proton.
what does the arrhenius theory of acids and bases state
acids ionise in solutions to produce hydrogen ions while bases dissociate in solution to produce hydroxide ions.
why is Arrhenius theory limited
it only applies to acid-base behaviour in aqueous solution (solvent is needed), and also doesn’t predict the basic nature of carbonates, oxides and salts that don’t contain hydroxide
what are monoprotic acids
(note acids can be classified as being monoprotic or polyprotic) they can dnate a single proton per acid molecule in a transfer reaction,
what are polyprotic acids
can donate more than one proton per acid molecule
what is a conjugate base
A conjugate acid is formed when a proton is added to a base, and a conjugate base is formed when a proton is removed from an acid
why is coniugate base of polyprotic acid different
usually is less acidic than the orginal acid ( as shown bny their individual acid constants) this is explained as the acid becomes less likely to donate positive charge (H+) as molecule becomes increasingly negative, so it becomes less.
how is the strength of an acid determined
by the extent to which it ionises (via proton donation).
what is the acid dissociation constant (Ka)
as proton-transfer reactions are technqically equilibrium processs, a constant can be assigned to every reaction to quantify the extent to which the reaction proceeds, which can aid in measuring acid strength
write the acid dissociation constant (Ka)
seek page 9
what if Ka is large (>1)
then the aiced can considered strong as it ionises to a large extent
what if Ka is small (<1)
then acid can be considered weak, as few acid molecules ionise (most remain in their molecular form)
what should be kept in mind when using the acid dissociation constant (Ka)
water has a fixed concentration and as such is not included in the expression
and the strong the stronger acid is, weaker its conjugate base, as conjugate base is less likely to accept a proton because acid resits reformation.
what is the conjugate base of a weak acid known as
a strong base, sicne acid mostly remains in molecular form, hence conjugate base is more likely to accept a proton to reform the acid molecule.
what is salt
an ionic compound that is formed in the reaction between an acid and base
how can salt be classified
acidic, basic, or netural, based on way in which anin and/or cantion interacts with water since ionic compounds undergo hydrolysis reactions
when salt classified as acidic
if anion/cation produces hydronium ions when reacting water, the compound is classed as acidic, as it produces a acidic solution
when salt classified as neutral
if anion/cation produces hydroxide ions when reacting water, the compound is classed as basic, as it produces a basic solution
when salt classified as basic
sometimes a salt has both acidic and basic ions, in this case it can be neutral or the “stronger” ion determines its properties. the properties of the salt can affect the properties of the entire solution.
