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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by non renewable

A

Finite resource.
Natural substance that is not replenished with the speed at which it is consumed.

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2
Q

Volatile

A

Ability to turn from a liquid to a gas very quickly

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3
Q

What is organic chemistry about

A

Carbon containing atoms

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4
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen

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5
Q

Functional group

A

Atom/group of atoms that results in a compound undergoing certain characterustic reactions. Determine the chemical properties of a homologous series

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6
Q

What does the atomic number tell you

A

The number of protons and electrons in an electrically neutral atom

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7
Q

Briefly describe carbons bonds/bonding properties

A

Very good at bonding due to how its electrons are arranged.
Usually has 4 bonds

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8
Q

Homologous series

A

Family of similar compounds with similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same funcional group.

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9
Q

What do all memberrs of a homologous series have in common (5)

A

General formula
Functional group
Chemical properties
Trends in physical properties
The difference in the molecular formula between one member and the next is CH2

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10
Q

Alkanes general formula

A

CnH2n+2

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11
Q

saturated compound

A

has molecules in which all carbon–carbon bonds are single bonds

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12
Q

Unsaturated compound

A

has molecules in which one or more carbon–carbon bonds are not single bonds

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13
Q

Alkyl groups

A

Alkanes that are missing 1 hydrogen atom

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14
Q

Substituent groups

A

Alkyl groups that do not form part of the longest carbon chain

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15
Q

What is the displayed formula of carboxylic acid

A

COOH

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16
Q

Structural isomers

A

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

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17
Q

Types of reactions with alkanes (2)

A

Combustion
Substitution

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18
Q

Describe the process of, and types of combustion reaction and why one may be bad

A

When there is sufficient oxygen hygrocarbon reacts with oxygen to form water and carbon dioxide, it is exothermique. If the is insufficient oxygen incomplete combustion will occur. there is CO and water formed which is toxic. Balance carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, x2 if there’s a fraction

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19
Q

Formula for substitution reaction and conditions

A

Alkane+halogen->haloalkane+Hcl/HBr/HI ens.
UV light (provides activation energy)

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20
Q

3 major fossil fuels

A

Crude oil
National gas consisting mainly of methane
Crude oil/petroleum

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21
Q

What is crude oil and what do we do with it

A

It is a mixture of hydrocarbons, we separate it in a fractional distillation column by refining it, the more carbon atoms the higher the boiling point and the lower down in the column it is

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22
Q

Alkene formula and why they are unsaturated

A

CH2
They have at least one carbon to double bond

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23
Q

Alkenes general formula

A

CnH2n

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24
Q

Alkynes general formula

A

CnH2n-2

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25
Alkanols general formula
CnH2n+1OH
26
Alkanoic acids general formula
CnH2n+1 COOH
27
Alkanals
CnH2+1 CHO
28
What are alkanes
A group of saturated hydrocarbons
29
What are the reactions of alkanes
Combustion and substitution
30
Describe combustion reaction of alkanes
Addition of oxygen Exothermic Complete combustion->CO2 + H2O Incomplete combustion-> CO + H2O Incomplete combustion occurs when there is insufficient oxygen and it forms carbon monoxide which is toxic as it binds to our haemoglobin
31
What is the most common hydrocarbon
Alkanes
32
Hwo is crude oil formed+extracted
Naturally from plants animals and plankton that died millions of years ago. High pressures, temperature and time turned it into crude oil which we can drill out of rocks and bringing it up to surface.
33
What are the things we get from crude oil called
Petrochemicals
34
What does feedstock mean + uses
Raw materials for chemical industry Solvents, detergents, lubricants, polymers
35
What are the conditions for an addition polymer reaction to take place
High pressure and a catalyst
36
What sre the uses of alcohols (2)
Flammability allows them to be used as fuel as they release loads of energy Used as solvents as they can dissolve things water cant such as hydrocarbons and lipid compounds ie. fats and oils
37
What is a distinctive property of esters
They have pleasant smells (sweet/fruity)
38
What do salts formed by reactions with carboxylic acids end in
Anoate
39
How do you make an ester (word formula)
Carboxylic acid+alcohol->(catalyst)
40
What catalyst is used to make esters+ what is the byproduct
H2SO4 Water
41
What does the carboxylic acid and alcohol lose from the combination of carboxylic acid and ethanal
Carboxylic acid:OH grouo Ebthanol ->H from OH group
42
What is it called when theres only 2 monomers combined
Dimer
43
What is the main difference between addition and condensation polymers
WATER Addition = only 1 product isn formed Condesation = WATER IS RELEASED AS BY PRODUCT Condensation polymers (polyesters) are generally biodegradable as Bacteria and other micro organisms can break down the ester links compared to the plastics of addition
44
What are polymers
Long chains of molecules
45
Amine functional group formula
NH2
46
What are the uses of esters (3)
Perfume Solvents Flavours
47
What are polymers
Large macromolecules made up from small repeating units called monomers
48
What is nylon Uses
Synthetic polymer Polyamide wioth 2 monomers:dicarboxylic acid + diamine Example of condensation polymer Textiles and ropes
49
amide link
(Photos)
50
What is terylene Another name
Synthetic polymer Polyester with 2 monomers: dicarboxylic acid + alcohol (diol) Example of condensation polymer PET
51
What are the negative effects of polymers on the enviroment (4)
They are non biodegradeable They fill landfills They harm animals(they can swallow it) Releases toxic gases when burnt (CO2 which reacts with ozone layer)
52
What polymers have the same linkage between monomer units
Protein and polyester
53
What is the monomer of proteins “General formula”
Amino acids NH2 Amino acids, block, carboxylic acid
54
What are the oxidising agents and their colour changes in the reactions of alcohols (2)
Ptassium permanganate purple-colourless Potassium dichromate (VI) orange - green (And dilute sulfuric acid)
55
What are the conditions for an elimination/dehydration reaction of alcohols
Concentrated sulfuric acid or aliminium oxide catalyst Heat JUST REMOVE WATER
56
What are the methods used to produce alcohols + 3 points about each
Fermentation - Only makes ethanol, slow, impure product is formed Hydration of alkenes - used to make any alcohol Fast Pure product is formed
57
What are the conditions for fermentation to occur
Between 25-35 degrees celcius otherwise the yeast is denatured Obviously means that it has to happen in the presence of yeast which acts as a biological catalyst If concentration of alcohol is too high it will destroy the yeast Anerobic therefore NO OXYGEN
58
Fermentation
The process whereby sugars (glucose) are converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by the action of yeast. FILTER THE ALCOHOL
59
uses of ethanol (2)
Solvent and fuel
60
What are the methods to make carboxylic acids (2)
Oxidation by fermentation Use of oxidisng agents
61
What does using oxidising agents in the formation of carboxylic acids invole
Heating ethanol with an oxidising agent such as acidified potassium manganate (VII) in the presence of an acid. Solution will change from purple to colourless and the oxidising agent is represented in square brackets
62
How can proteins be broken down and into what do they break down to
Aminon acids Hydrolysis using heat and concentrated HCl
63
How can amino acids be separated
Chromatography and ninhydrin (locating agent)
64
What is the monomer for fats
Glycerol and fatty acids
65
What is the polymer for carbohydrates
Polysaccharide eg. Starch and glycogen
66
What are complex carbohydrates made up of
Many repeating simple sugars
67
Which polymers have the same linkage between monomer units
Protein and polyester
68
Meaning of photo chemical
Needs/uses ultra violet light
69
Advantages of fermentation (3)
Renewable Low cost - low temp Carbon neutral-as the plant grows in takes in CO2 for photosynthesis therefore balancing out the carbon dioxide
70
Disadvantages of fermentation (4)
Impure product Slow reaction Carbon dioxide produced Batch process - ethanol concentrations above 15% yeast dies
71
Advantages of catalytic addition of steam to ethene (3)
Continuous process Fast reaction Pure product
72
Disadvantages of catalytic addition of steam to ethene (2)
High cost-high temp and pressure Non renewable raw materials
73
Structural formula
Unambiguous description of the way atoms in a molecule are arranged
74
Alcohol general formula
CnH2n+1OH
75
Carboxylic acid general formula
CnH2n+1COOH
76
Petroleum
Mixture of hydrocarbons
77
Main constituent of natural gas
Methane
78
Fossil fuels (3)
Coal Natural gas Petroleum
79
Types of bonds in alkanes
Single covalent
80
Proteins
Natural polyamides formed from amino acid monomers
81
Environmental challenges caused by plastics (3)
Disposal in land fill sites Accumulate in oceans Form toxic gases when burnt
82
What are plastics made of
Polymers
83
Polymers
Large molecules built up from many smaller molecules called monomers
84
Properties of alkanes (2)
Generally unreactive except in terms of combustion and substitution with chlorine Colourless compounds which have a gradual change in physical properties as the chain length increases
85
What happens in a substitution reaction
An atom/group of atoms is replaced by another atom/group of atoms
86
Describe the substitution reaction of alkanes and chlorine
Photochemical with ultraviolet light providing the activation energy
87
Reasons for the cracking of larger chain alkane molecules
Shorter chain alkanes and alkenes are formed
88
Manufacture of alkenes and hydrogen
Cracking of large alkane molecules at 600-700*C and passed over a silica catalyst
89
Additional reactions of alkenes (3)
Halogénation (bromine) Hydrogenation IN THE PRESENCE OF A NICKEL CATALYST Hydration with steam IN THE PRESENCE OF AN ACID CATALYST
90
Describe the manufacturing of ethanol (2)
Fermentation of aqueous glucose at 25-35*C in the presence of yeast and absence of oxygen Catalytic addition of steam to ethene at 6000 kPa/60 atm in the presence of an acid catalyst
91
Uses of ethanol (2)
Solvent Fuel
92
Combustion of ethanol formula
C2H5OH + 3O2 -> 2CO2 + 3H20
93
Reaction of ethanoic acid and metals
Salt (anoate) + hydrogen gas
94
Reaction of ethanoic acid and bases
Salt (anoate) and water
95
Reaction of ethanoic acid and carbonates
Salt (anoate) + CO2 + H20
96
Formation of ethanoic acid (2)
Oxidation of ethanol: -with acidified potassium manganate (VII) (heat in the presence of an acid) -bacterial oxidation during vinegar production (uses atmospheric oxygen, WINE)
97
Describe the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol
React in the presence of an acid catalyst to produce esters Alchohol = yl Carboxylate acid = anoate

IGCSE Chemistry (21 decks)

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