Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IGCSE Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is meant by non renewable

A

Finite resource.
Natural substance that is not replenished with the speed at which it is consumed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Volatile

A

Ability to turn from a liquid to a gas very quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is organic chemistry about

A

Carbon containing atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Functional group

A

Atom/group of atoms that results in a compound undergoing certain characterustic reactions. Determine the chemical properties of a homologous series

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the atomic number tell you

A

The number of protons and electrons in an electrically neutral atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Briefly describe carbons bonds/bonding properties

A

Very good at bonding due to how its electrons are arranged.
Usually has 4 bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Homologous series

A

Family of similar compounds with similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same funcional group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do all memberrs of a homologous series have in common (5)

A

General formula
Functional group
Chemical properties
Trends in physical properties
The difference in the molecular formula between one member and the next is CH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Alkanes general formula

A

CnH2n+2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

saturated compound

A

has molecules in which all carbon–carbon bonds are single bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Unsaturated compound

A

has molecules in which one or more carbon–carbon bonds are not single bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Alkyl groups

A

Alkanes that are missing 1 hydrogen atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Substituent groups

A

Alkyl groups that do not form part of the longest carbon chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the displayed formula of carboxylic acid

A

COOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Structural isomers

A

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Types of reactions with alkanes (2)

A

Combustion
Substitution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the process of, and types of combustion reaction and why one may be bad

A

When there is sufficient oxygen hygrocarbon reacts with oxygen to form water and carbon dioxide, it is exothermique. If the is insufficient oxygen incomplete combustion will occur. there is CO and water formed which is toxic. Balance carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, x2 if there’s a fraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Formula for substitution reaction and conditions

A

Alkane+halogen->haloalkane+Hcl/HBr/HI ens.
UV light (provides activation energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

3 major fossil fuels

A

Crude oil
National gas consisting mainly of methane
Crude oil/petroleum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is crude oil and what do we do with it

A

It is a mixture of hydrocarbons, we separate it in a fractional distillation column by refining it, the more carbon atoms the higher the boiling point and the lower down in the column it is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Alkene formula and why they are unsaturated

A

CH2
They have at least one carbon to double bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Alkenes general formula

A

CnH2n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Alkynes general formula

A

CnH2n-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Alkanols general formula

A

CnH2n+1OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Alkanoic acids general formula

A

CnH2n+1 COOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Alkanals

A

CnH2+1 CHO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are alkanes

A

A group of saturated hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the reactions of alkanes

A

Combustion and substitution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe combustion reaction of alkanes

A

Addition of oxygen
Exothermic
Complete combustion->CO2 + H2O
Incomplete combustion-> CO + H2O
Incomplete combustion occurs when there is insufficient oxygen and it forms carbon monoxide which is toxic as it binds to our haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the most common hydrocarbon

A

Alkanes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Hwo is crude oil formed+extracted

A

Naturally from plants animals and plankton that died millions of years ago. High pressures, temperature and time turned it into crude oil which we can drill out of rocks and bringing it up to surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the things we get from crude oil called

A

Petrochemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does feedstock mean + uses

A

Raw materials for chemical industry
Solvents, detergents, lubricants, polymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the conditions for an addition polymer reaction to take place

A

High pressure and a catalyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What sre the uses of alcohols (2)

A

Flammability allows them to be used as fuel as they release loads of energy
Used as solvents as they can dissolve things water cant such as hydrocarbons and lipid compounds ie. fats and oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is a distinctive property of esters

A

They have pleasant smells (sweet/fruity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What do salts formed by reactions with carboxylic acids end in

A

Anoate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How do you make an ester (word formula)

A

Carboxylic acid+alcohol->(catalyst)

40
Q

What catalyst is used to make esters+ what is the byproduct

A

H2SO4
Water

41
Q

What does the carboxylic acid and alcohol lose from the combination of carboxylic acid and ethanal

A

Carboxylic acid:OH grouo
Ebthanol ->H from OH group

42
Q

What is it called when theres only 2 monomers combined

A

Dimer

43
Q

What is the main difference between addition and condensation polymers

A

WATER Addition = only 1 product isn formed
Condesation = WATER IS RELEASED AS BY PRODUCT
Condensation polymers (polyesters) are generally biodegradable as Bacteria and other micro organisms can break down the ester links compared to the plastics of addition

44
Q

What are polymers

A

Long chains of molecules

45
Q

Amine functional group formula

A

NH2

46
Q

What are the uses of esters (3)

A

Perfume
Solvents
Flavours

47
Q

What are polymers

A

Large macromolecules made up from small repeating units called monomers

48
Q

What is nylon
Uses

A

Synthetic polymer
Polyamide wioth 2 monomers:dicarboxylic acid + diamine
Example of condensation polymer
Textiles and ropes

49
Q

amide link

A

(Photos)

50
Q

What is terylene
Another name

A

Synthetic polymer
Polyester with 2 monomers: dicarboxylic acid + alcohol (diol)
Example of condensation polymer
PET

51
Q

What are the negative effects of polymers on the enviroment (4)

A

They are non biodegradeable
They fill landfills
They harm animals(they can swallow it)
Releases toxic gases when burnt (CO2 which reacts with ozone layer)

52
Q

What polymers have the same linkage between monomer units

A

Protein and polyester

53
Q

What is the monomer of proteins
“General formula”

A

Amino acids
NH2
Amino acids, block, carboxylic acid

54
Q

What are the oxidising agents and their colour changes in the reactions of alcohols (2)

A

Ptassium permanganate purple-colourless
Potassium dichromate (VI) orange - green
(And dilute sulfuric acid)

55
Q

What are the conditions for an elimination/dehydration reaction of alcohols

A

Concentrated sulfuric acid or aliminium oxide catalyst
Heat
JUST REMOVE WATER

56
Q

What are the methods used to produce alcohols + 3 points about each

A

Fermentation - Only makes ethanol, slow, impure product is formed
Hydration of alkenes - used to make any alcohol
Fast
Pure product is formed

57
Q

What are the conditions for fermentation to occur

A

Between 25-35 degrees celcius otherwise the yeast is denatured
Obviously means that it has to happen in the presence of yeast which acts as a biological catalyst
If concentration of alcohol is too high it will destroy the yeast
Anerobic therefore NO OXYGEN

58
Q

Fermentation

A

The process whereby sugars (glucose) are converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by the action of yeast.
FILTER THE ALCOHOL

59
Q

uses of ethanol (2)

A

Solvent and fuel

60
Q

What are the methods to make carboxylic acids (2)

A

Oxidation by fermentation
Use of oxidisng agents

61
Q

What does using oxidising agents in the formation of carboxylic acids invole

A

Heating ethanol with an oxidising agent such as acidified potassium manganate (VII) in the presence of an acid. Solution will change from purple to colourless and the oxidising agent is represented in square brackets

62
Q

How can proteins be broken down and into what do they break down to

A

Aminon acids
Hydrolysis using heat and concentrated HCl

63
Q

How can amino acids be separated

A

Chromatography and ninhydrin (locating agent)

64
Q

What is the monomer for fats

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

65
Q

What is the polymer for carbohydrates

A

Polysaccharide eg. Starch and glycogen

66
Q

What are complex carbohydrates made up of

A

Many repeating simple sugars

67
Q

Which polymers have the same linkage between monomer units

A

Protein and polyester

68
Q

Meaning of photo chemical

A

Needs/uses ultra violet light

69
Q

Advantages of fermentation (3)

A

Renewable
Low cost - low temp
Carbon neutral-as the plant grows in takes in CO2 for photosynthesis therefore balancing out the carbon dioxide

70
Q

Disadvantages of fermentation (4)

A

Impure product
Slow reaction
Carbon dioxide produced
Batch process - ethanol concentrations above 15% yeast dies

71
Q

Advantages of catalytic addition of steam to ethene (3)

A

Continuous process
Fast reaction
Pure product

72
Q

Disadvantages of catalytic addition of steam to ethene (2)

A

High cost-high temp and pressure
Non renewable raw materials

73
Q

Structural formula

A

Unambiguous description of the way atoms in a molecule are arranged

74
Q

Alcohol general formula

A

CnH2n+1OH

75
Q

Carboxylic acid general formula

A

CnH2n+1COOH

76
Q

Petroleum

A

Mixture of hydrocarbons

77
Q

Main constituent of natural gas

A

Methane

78
Q

Fossil fuels (3)

A

Coal
Natural gas
Petroleum

79
Q

Types of bonds in alkanes

A

Single covalent

80
Q

Proteins

A

Natural polyamides formed from amino acid monomers

81
Q

Environmental challenges caused by plastics (3)

A

Disposal in land fill sites
Accumulate in oceans
Form toxic gases when burnt

82
Q

What are plastics made of

A

Polymers

83
Q

Polymers

A

Large molecules built up from many smaller molecules called monomers

84
Q

Properties of alkanes (2)

A

Generally unreactive except in terms of combustion and substitution with chlorine
Colourless compounds which have a gradual change in physical properties as the chain length increases

85
Q

What happens in a substitution reaction

A

An atom/group of atoms is replaced by another atom/group of atoms

86
Q

Describe the substitution reaction of alkanes and chlorine

A

Photochemical with ultraviolet light providing the activation energy

87
Q

Reasons for the cracking of larger chain alkane molecules

A

Shorter chain alkanes and alkenes are formed

88
Q

Manufacture of alkenes and hydrogen

A

Cracking of large alkane molecules at 600-700*C and passed over a silica catalyst

89
Q

Additional reactions of alkenes (3)

A

Halogénation (bromine)
Hydrogenation IN THE PRESENCE OF A NICKEL CATALYST
Hydration with steam IN THE PRESENCE OF AN ACID CATALYST

90
Q

Describe the manufacturing of ethanol (2)

A

Fermentation of aqueous glucose at 25-35*C in the presence of yeast and absence of oxygen
Catalytic addition of steam to ethene at 6000 kPa/60 atm in the presence of an acid catalyst

91
Q

Uses of ethanol (2)

A

Solvent
Fuel

92
Q

Combustion of ethanol formula

A

C2H5OH + 3O2 -> 2CO2 + 3H20

93
Q

Reaction of ethanoic acid and metals

A

Salt (anoate) + hydrogen gas

94
Q

Reaction of ethanoic acid and bases

A

Salt (anoate) and water

95
Q

Reaction of ethanoic acid and carbonates

A

Salt (anoate) + CO2 + H20

96
Q

Formation of ethanoic acid (2)

A

Oxidation of ethanol:
-with acidified potassium manganate (VII) (heat in the presence of an acid)
-bacterial oxidation during vinegar production (uses atmospheric oxygen, WINE)

97
Q

Describe the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol

A

React in the presence of an acid catalyst to produce esters
Alchohol = yl
Carboxylate acid = anoate

IGCSE Chemistry (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions