Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What is meant by non renewable
Finite resource.
Natural substance that is not replenished with the speed at which it is consumed.
Volatile
Ability to turn from a liquid to a gas very quickly
What is organic chemistry about
Carbon containing atoms
Hydrocarbons
Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen
Functional group
Atom/group of atoms that results in a compound undergoing certain characterustic reactions. Determine the chemical properties of a homologous series
What does the atomic number tell you
The number of protons and electrons in an electrically neutral atom
Briefly describe carbons bonds/bonding properties
Very good at bonding due to how its electrons are arranged.
Usually has 4 bonds
Homologous series
Family of similar compounds with similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same funcional group.
What do all memberrs of a homologous series have in common (5)
General formula
Functional group
Chemical properties
Trends in physical properties
The difference in the molecular formula between one member and the next is CH2
Alkanes general formula
CnH2n+2
saturated compound
has molecules in which all carbon–carbon bonds are single bonds
Unsaturated compound
has molecules in which one or more carbon–carbon bonds are not single bonds
Alkyl groups
Alkanes that are missing 1 hydrogen atom
Substituent groups
Alkyl groups that do not form part of the longest carbon chain
What is the displayed formula of carboxylic acid
COOH
Structural isomers
Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
Types of reactions with alkanes (2)
Combustion
Substitution
Describe the process of, and types of combustion reaction and why one may be bad
When there is sufficient oxygen hygrocarbon reacts with oxygen to form water and carbon dioxide, it is exothermique. If the is insufficient oxygen incomplete combustion will occur. there is CO and water formed which is toxic. Balance carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, x2 if there’s a fraction
Formula for substitution reaction and conditions
Alkane+halogen->haloalkane+Hcl/HBr/HI ens.
UV light (provides activation energy)
3 major fossil fuels
Crude oil
National gas consisting mainly of methane
Crude oil/petroleum
What is crude oil and what do we do with it
It is a mixture of hydrocarbons, we separate it in a fractional distillation column by refining it, the more carbon atoms the higher the boiling point and the lower down in the column it is
Alkene formula and why they are unsaturated
CH2
They have at least one carbon to double bond
Alkenes general formula
CnH2n
Alkynes general formula
CnH2n-2
Alkanols general formula
CnH2n+1OH
Alkanoic acids general formula
CnH2n+1 COOH
Alkanals
CnH2+1 CHO
What are alkanes
A group of saturated hydrocarbons
What are the reactions of alkanes
Combustion and substitution
Describe combustion reaction of alkanes
Addition of oxygen
Exothermic
Complete combustion->CO2 + H2O
Incomplete combustion-> CO + H2O
Incomplete combustion occurs when there is insufficient oxygen and it forms carbon monoxide which is toxic as it binds to our haemoglobin
What is the most common hydrocarbon
Alkanes
Hwo is crude oil formed+extracted
Naturally from plants animals and plankton that died millions of years ago. High pressures, temperature and time turned it into crude oil which we can drill out of rocks and bringing it up to surface.
What are the things we get from crude oil called
Petrochemicals
What does feedstock mean + uses
Raw materials for chemical industry
Solvents, detergents, lubricants, polymers
What are the conditions for an addition polymer reaction to take place
High pressure and a catalyst
What sre the uses of alcohols (2)
Flammability allows them to be used as fuel as they release loads of energy
Used as solvents as they can dissolve things water cant such as hydrocarbons and lipid compounds ie. fats and oils
What is a distinctive property of esters
They have pleasant smells (sweet/fruity)
What do salts formed by reactions with carboxylic acids end in
Anoate
How do you make an ester (word formula)
Carboxylic acid+alcohol->(catalyst)
What catalyst is used to make esters+ what is the byproduct
H2SO4
Water
What does the carboxylic acid and alcohol lose from the combination of carboxylic acid and ethanal
Carboxylic acid:OH grouo
Ebthanol ->H from OH group
What is it called when theres only 2 monomers combined
Dimer
What is the main difference between addition and condensation polymers
WATER Addition = only 1 product isn formed
Condesation = WATER IS RELEASED AS BY PRODUCT
Condensation polymers (polyesters) are generally biodegradable as Bacteria and other micro organisms can break down the ester links compared to the plastics of addition
What are polymers
Long chains of molecules
Amine functional group formula
NH2
What are the uses of esters (3)
Perfume
Solvents
Flavours
What are polymers
Large macromolecules made up from small repeating units called monomers
What is nylon
Uses
Synthetic polymer
Polyamide wioth 2 monomers:dicarboxylic acid + diamine
Example of condensation polymer
Textiles and ropes
amide link
(Photos)
What is terylene
Another name
Synthetic polymer
Polyester with 2 monomers: dicarboxylic acid + alcohol (diol)
Example of condensation polymer
PET
What are the negative effects of polymers on the enviroment (4)
They are non biodegradeable
They fill landfills
They harm animals(they can swallow it)
Releases toxic gases when burnt (CO2 which reacts with ozone layer)
What polymers have the same linkage between monomer units
Protein and polyester
What is the monomer of proteins
“General formula”
Amino acids
NH2
Amino acids, block, carboxylic acid
What are the oxidising agents and their colour changes in the reactions of alcohols (2)
Ptassium permanganate purple-colourless
Potassium dichromate (VI) orange - green
(And dilute sulfuric acid)
What are the conditions for an elimination/dehydration reaction of alcohols
Concentrated sulfuric acid or aliminium oxide catalyst
Heat
JUST REMOVE WATER
What are the methods used to produce alcohols + 3 points about each
Fermentation - Only makes ethanol, slow, impure product is formed
Hydration of alkenes - used to make any alcohol
Fast
Pure product is formed
What are the conditions for fermentation to occur
Between 25-35 degrees celcius otherwise the yeast is denatured
Obviously means that it has to happen in the presence of yeast which acts as a biological catalyst
If concentration of alcohol is too high it will destroy the yeast
Anerobic therefore NO OXYGEN
Fermentation
The process whereby sugars (glucose) are converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by the action of yeast.
FILTER THE ALCOHOL
uses of ethanol (2)
Solvent and fuel
What are the methods to make carboxylic acids (2)
Oxidation by fermentation
Use of oxidisng agents
What does using oxidising agents in the formation of carboxylic acids invole
Heating ethanol with an oxidising agent such as acidified potassium manganate (VII) in the presence of an acid. Solution will change from purple to colourless and the oxidising agent is represented in square brackets
How can proteins be broken down and into what do they break down to
Aminon acids
Hydrolysis using heat and concentrated HCl
How can amino acids be separated
Chromatography and ninhydrin (locating agent)
What is the monomer for fats
Glycerol and fatty acids
What is the polymer for carbohydrates
Polysaccharide eg. Starch and glycogen
What are complex carbohydrates made up of
Many repeating simple sugars
Which polymers have the same linkage between monomer units
Protein and polyester
Meaning of photo chemical
Needs/uses ultra violet light
Advantages of fermentation (3)
Renewable
Low cost - low temp
Carbon neutral-as the plant grows in takes in CO2 for photosynthesis therefore balancing out the carbon dioxide
Disadvantages of fermentation (4)
Impure product
Slow reaction
Carbon dioxide produced
Batch process - ethanol concentrations above 15% yeast dies
Advantages of catalytic addition of steam to ethene (3)
Continuous process
Fast reaction
Pure product
Disadvantages of catalytic addition of steam to ethene (2)
High cost-high temp and pressure
Non renewable raw materials
Structural formula
Unambiguous description of the way atoms in a molecule are arranged
Alcohol general formula
CnH2n+1OH
Carboxylic acid general formula
CnH2n+1COOH
Petroleum
Mixture of hydrocarbons
Main constituent of natural gas
Methane
Fossil fuels (3)
Coal
Natural gas
Petroleum
Types of bonds in alkanes
Single covalent
Proteins
Natural polyamides formed from amino acid monomers
Environmental challenges caused by plastics (3)
Disposal in land fill sites
Accumulate in oceans
Form toxic gases when burnt
What are plastics made of
Polymers
Polymers
Large molecules built up from many smaller molecules called monomers
Properties of alkanes (2)
Generally unreactive except in terms of combustion and substitution with chlorine
Colourless compounds which have a gradual change in physical properties as the chain length increases
What happens in a substitution reaction
An atom/group of atoms is replaced by another atom/group of atoms
Describe the substitution reaction of alkanes and chlorine
Photochemical with ultraviolet light providing the activation energy
Reasons for the cracking of larger chain alkane molecules
Shorter chain alkanes and alkenes are formed
Manufacture of alkenes and hydrogen
Cracking of large alkane molecules at 600-700*C and passed over a silica catalyst
Additional reactions of alkenes (3)
Halogénation (bromine)
Hydrogenation IN THE PRESENCE OF A NICKEL CATALYST
Hydration with steam IN THE PRESENCE OF AN ACID CATALYST
Describe the manufacturing of ethanol (2)
Fermentation of aqueous glucose at 25-35*C in the presence of yeast and absence of oxygen
Catalytic addition of steam to ethene at 6000 kPa/60 atm in the presence of an acid catalyst
Uses of ethanol (2)
Solvent
Fuel
Combustion of ethanol formula
C2H5OH + 3O2 -> 2CO2 + 3H20
Reaction of ethanoic acid and metals
Salt (anoate) + hydrogen gas
Reaction of ethanoic acid and bases
Salt (anoate) and water
Reaction of ethanoic acid and carbonates
Salt (anoate) + CO2 + H20
Formation of ethanoic acid (2)
Oxidation of ethanol:
-with acidified potassium manganate (VII) (heat in the presence of an acid)
-bacterial oxidation during vinegar production (uses atmospheric oxygen, WINE)
Describe the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol
React in the presence of an acid catalyst to produce esters
Alchohol = yl
Carboxylate acid = anoate
